Thermodynamic Properties of 1-Butene

Temperature Pressure Density Volume Int. energy Enthalpy Entropy C, CF Sound speed Joule-Thomson 

The values in these tables were generated from the NIST REFPROP software (Lemmon, E. W., McLinden, M. O., and Huber, M. L., NIST Standard Reference Database 23 Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties—REFPROP, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, Md., 2002, Version 7.1). The primary source for the thermodynamic properties is Lemmon, E. W., andlhmels, E. C., Thermodynamic Properties of the Butenes. Part II. Short Fundamental Equations of State, Fluid Phase Equilibria 228-229C 173-187, 2005. Validated equations for the viscosity and thermal conductivity are not currently available for this fluid. 

The uncertainties of densities calculated by the equation of state (based on a coverage factor of 2) are 0.1% in the liquid phase at temperatures above 270 K (rising to 0.5% in density at temperatures below 200 K), 0.2% at temperatures above the critical temperature and at pressures above 10 MPa, and 0.5% in the vapor phase, including supercritical conditions below 10 MPa. The uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.25% above 200 K. The uncertainty in heat capacities is 0.5% at saturated liquid conditions, rising to 5% at much higher pressures and at temperatures above 350 K. 

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THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS. PART VIII. 1-BUTENE. 

Borstar is an industrial olefin polymerization plant/technology, which combines different polymerization processes and reactor units, utilizing an advanced catalytic system. In the present work, a detailed model for the dynamic and steady-state simulation of this industrial plant has been developed. A comprehensive kinetic model for the ethylene-1-butene copolymerization over a two-site catalyst was employed to predict the MWD and CCD in the Borstar process. The Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state (S-L EoS) was employed for the thermodynamic properties of the polymerization system and the phase equilibrium calculations in the process units. 

Physical Properties of Monomers. 1-Butene [106-98-9] is a colorless, flammable, noncorrosive gas its physical properties are fisted in Table 1, and its thermodynamic properties are available (16). Because 1-butene has a very low flash point, it poses a strong fire and explosion hazard. 

The more highly phosphine substituted rhodium species RhH(CO) (PlCeHslsls is an even more active catalyst, 1 atm pressure and 25°C being sufficient, and it is even more selective for the n product (21). Rh4(CO)i2 is also very active but has very poor selectivity, so once again, the presence of phosphine improves the selectivity. The mechanism is broadly similar to the Co-catalyzed process. In practice, excess PlCeHsls is added to the reaction mixture to prevent the formation of the less selective HRh(CO)4 and HRhL(CO)3 species by phosphine dissociation. The system is also an active isomerization catalyst, because much of the same mixture of aldehydes is formed from any of the possible isomers of the starting alkene. This is a very useful property of the catalyst, because internal isomers of an alkene are easier to obtain than the terminal one. The commercially valuable terminal aldehydes can still be obtained from these internal alkenes. The catalyst first converts the internal alkene, for example, 2-butene, to a mixture of isomers including the terminal one. The latter is hydroformy-lated much more rapidly than the internal ones, accounting for the predominant n aldehyde product. As the terminal alkene can only ever be a minor constituent of the alkene mixture (because it is thermodynamically less stable than the other isomers), this reaction provides another example of a catalytic process in which the major product is formed from a minor intermediate (eq. 21). 

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