Thermal treatment produced under various conditions

Morphology of the enzymatically synthesized phenolic polymers was controlled under the selected reaction conditions. Monodisperse polymer particles in the sub-micron range were produced by HRP-catalyzed dispersion polymerization of phenol in 1,4-dioxane-phosphate buffer (3 2 v/v) using poly(vinyl methyl ether) as stabihzer. °° ° The particle size could be controlled by the stabilizer concentration and solvent composition. Thermal treatment of these particles afforded uniform carbon particles. The particles could be obtained from various phenol monomers such as m-cresol and p-phenylphenol. 

Active aluminas (various oxides and hydrated oxides) with high specific areas, good absorption characteristics, catalytic properties and high chemical reactivity are either produced by precipitation processes from aluminum salt solutions e.g. via thermal post-treatment of aluminum hydroxide gels, or by the calcination of a-aluminum hydroxide under specific conditions (low temperatures, very rapid heating). 

The different Pd dispersion, catalyst preparation or pre-treatment conditions, respectively, explain well the differences in the catalytic activity of the various catalysts reported in the literature (15) in comparison to the high activity of catalyst 3W. The influence of the Pd oxidation state (0 or II) can be interpreted in the context of Pd dispersion as well each thermal treatment under reducing conditions to produce Pd(0), which is generally accepted as the active state (2), is connected vdth a decrease in Pd dispersion (Table 2.) Obviously, the in situ reduction of Pd(II) under Heck reaction conditions leads to the best catalysts with the highest dispersion. 

Similarly, C o was converted into MWCNTs above 700°C via amorphous carbon under hydro-thermal conditions [119], SWCNTs under hydrothermal conditions can only survive mild- and short-term treatment in high-temperature, high-pressure water. With time, SWCNTs gradually transform into MWCNTs and polyhedral graphitic nanoparticles [35]. Both carbon filaments and MWCNTs are produced using ferrocene, Fe, or Fe/Pt nanocrystals at supercritical toluene at 600°C and 12.4 MPa. In this study, toluene serves as both the carbon source for nanotube formation and as a solvent [154]. Recently, direct synthesis of MWCNTs/CdS, MWCNT/ZnO, Ti/CNT, FeO/ MWCNTs, and CNT-F-doped Sn02 nanocomposites under hydrothermal process has been used for various applications [155-159]. 

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