Therapeutic model

Testing in vivo can further produce therapeutic model systems. Certain multicomponent disease conditions can only be adequately modeled in vivo. 

What is the therapeutic model that the professional operates under, and how does that model determine the course of treatment ... 

Just as with treatment, the appearance of aftercare may vary according to the therapeutic model. For example, Minnesota-model aftercare usually operates in groups that meet weekly. The format of these weekly sessions usually involves psychoeducation around relapse prevention, often related to an issue germane to specific members of the group. Sometimes the psychoeducation topic is predetermined by the outline of a relapse prevention manual (see Chapter 7). 

One might, in fact, see resistance as one side effect of the authoritarianism of a therapeutic model that assumes, a priori, that psychopathogenic mechanisms are obscure and only knowable through a process of symbol decoding by a bearded sage sitting behind us In my experience, most patients today are only too fully aware of the adverse aspects of their... 

Although spontaneous tumors closely resemble the human clinical situation, a number of factors make these models poorly reproducible in controlled settings. These include difficulties in adequately staging the tumors, variations in their natural history, and the low yields of animals that actually develop tumors. Consequently, spontaneous tumors have greater utility in the study of carcinogenesis and chemopre-vention, and are somewhat less useful as routine therapeutic models for studying the treatment of established tumors. 

Provide confidence that the pharmacological model will predict efficacy in humans. If a drag is effective in therapeutic models using different species and these animals receive equivalent exposures (as measured by the maximum plasma concentration, Cmax, or area under the plasma concentration curve, AUC), then the clinician can choose a dose for trials with confidence. 

An added complexity, but one that may better predict therapeutic activity, is the testing of drugs in assays with different contexts (i.e., basal stimulation). Testing in vivo can further produce therapeutic model systems. Certain multicomponent disease conditions can be adequately modeled only in vivo. The ultimate model is the human in the clinical situation. Translational medicine with noninvasive imaging techniques and biomarkers now are able to furnish valuable information that can be used in the initial discovery process to produce better-defined drugs. 

For example, two Hispanics, one a Puerto Rican and another Mexican, will have different political and socioeconomic hist( y, dialect, and belief systems. Acknowledging these differences allows the social work practitioner to examine carefully the applicability of current treatment models and determine if a relevant therapeutic framework is being used with minority clients. Rogler, Malgady, Costantino, and Blumenthal (1987) advocated culturally or ethnically sensitive services that include focused, therapeutic models and emphasize short-term problem-solving reproaches when working with Hispanic clients. Many of these approaches are useful in helping Hispanic and other minority clients cope with the socio-environ-mental problems they encounter. 

Flanahan D, Christofoii G, Naik P, Arbeit J. Transgenic mouse models of tumor angiogenesis The angiogenic switch, its molecular controls, and prospects for preclinical therapeutic models. Eur J Cancer 1996 32 2386 2393. 

Critique psychological and related educational research and therapeutic models in relation to cultural factors and biases as they have impacted minority communities. 

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