Theories of expl

Muraour, Henri (1881—1954). Fr scientist, a specialist in expls (Ingenieur general des poudres) and ballistics. Published more than 200 papers from WW1 thru 1952 (Ref 2) on expls, proplnts, combstn of proplnts, expl phenomena, antiflash agents, purification of TNT, theory of expl reactions, etc, as well as a widely read book (Ref 1)... 

Soc 34, 985-89(1938) (Deton Expln arising out of thermal decompn) 21) H. Muraour, TrFaradSoc 34, 989-92(1938) (Theory of expl reactions) 22) A. Schmidt, SS 33, 121-25 (1938) (Expln deton considered from a molecular-kinetic standpoint) 23) Ibid,... 

A new relationship in the hydrodynamic theory of expl waves) 95) W.W. Wood J.G. Kirkwood, JChemPhys 29, 956(1958) (Present status of deton theory) 95a) W. Fickett 8t W.W. Wood, Phys of Fluids 1 (6), 528-34 (Nov-Dec. 1958) (A detonation-product equation of state obtained from hydrodynamic data) 96) Cook... 

TNT spheres have also been employed for generating shock waves in water. They have been fired above (Ref 37) and just below (Ref 6) the surface, half-submerged (Ref 54), and at various depths ranging from 200 to 14000 ft (Refs 46 78). The theory of expl water wave generation has been reviewed (Refs 28 29), and measurements made (Refs 55,102 171). Studies have been made underwater in an effort... 

Detonation, Classical Theory of Plane Detonation Wave. The mechanism by which a detonation wave maintains itself and progresses thru an expl was investigated by Neumann (Ref... 

Spike (or peak) pressure ahead of the detonation front was determined accdg to von Neumann theory. For this a linear extrapolation of the Us—Up data was conducted and assumption made that Us up relations represent nonreactive Hugoniots to the detonation velocities of expls... 

Accdg to Roth (Ref 4) the geometrical theory is essentially the theory developed by him and described in his thesis (Ref 1). Roth also pointed out that this theory is mentioned in a paper by Wohler Roth (Ref 2) who also made use of the surface-erosion concept in describing reaction rates in the deton of expls. Roth lacked the necessary proof at that time to justify exploitation of his theory... 

Heats of combstn of 32 expls) PicArsn Translation No 23(1959) by G. Loehr 35a) P. Tavernier, MP 37, 225-68(1955) (Temperature of explosion, calorimetric value, force constant of propellants and coefficient of isentropic expansion in the gun barrel) [Transl issued by Tech Info Library Services, Ministry of Supply (GtBrit), Feb 1959 (TlL/T.4837)] 36) C.G. Dunkle s Lecture at Picatinny Arsenal, delivered on Dec 13, 1955, entitled "Introduction to Theory of Detonation of Explosives , pp 10-11 (Heats of deton expln) 37) G.R. Handrick,... 

As result of the research at BurMines, a mechanism for initiation under "card-gap" conditions was suggested and the alternate explanation for the off-the-charge-end "plasma" phenomenon reported by Cook et al (Ref 34b, pp 1881-92) was provided. The "off-end" phenomenon is briefly described in Ref 38f. A theory of initiation of liquid expls formulated at the BurMines is described in this section under Cavitational Phenomenon... 

Vieille, Kast and Schmidt (Refs 1, 2 3) presumed that in some cases the deton may be accompanied by a so-called explosive combustion (vzryvnoye goryeniye in Rus) during which the hot gaseous products of combstn penetrate into spaces between particles of expls and ignite their surfaces. This assumption was used in lp40 by Apin (Ref 4) who proposed the theory of deton called in Rus "struychato-proboynaya . 

Thus, when detonation is not by the mechanism of expl combustion the hydro-dynamic theory is not obeyed, while with expl combstn it is fulfilled... 

Abel assumed that molecules of each.expl vibrate during deton and thus incite vibrations of the surrounding medium at a frequency characteristic for each. expl. The particles of the medium spread in all directions and, if another charge of the same expl is in the neighborhood, its particles start to vibrate in resonance and thus might initiate deton. This was an explanation of the phenomenon known now as "detonation by influence or "sympathetic detonation . The propagation of deton in condensed expls was assumed to be caused by. spread of vibrations in resonance with particles inside the expl. This theory was abandoned in 1883 in favor of the Berthelot Theory of Detonation, which is briefly described in Vol 2 of this Encycl, p B106-L. Berthelot s Theory was further developed by. P. Vieille... 

By 1946, the best exptl values of the deton velocities had become somewhat different from 1943 values employed by Boggs Martin and this resulted in a somewhat different value of the covolume constant. A small residual variation in the covolume constant with density of expl suggested that the parameter of eq 23 should be re-evaluated. It was felt that the use of a T (jn lieu of T ) dependence of the covolume on temperature (which, would necessitate the re-evaluation of both the covolume constant and /S) would improve the agreement betw theory and experiment for cold expls (expls with. low temp of deton, like NGu) without sacrificing the excellent agreement obtd by Boggs Martin for the expls with higher deton temps (Ref 39, p 87). The hydrothermodynamic theory of detonation described in Ref 32 was used in calculation of expl properties of Amatex, 50/50-Amatol, 60/40-Amatol, TNT Composition B... 

Further in his lecture Dunkle stated that the fourth expression used in hydrothermo-dynamic theory of detonation calculation is the equation of state formulated by Sir F. Abel at the end of the 19th-century. This simple equation, described in Section 3, DETONATION (AND EXPLOSION), EQUATIONS OF STATE IN, is still frequently used It gives fairly accurate results for low loading density condensed expls, but for higher densities,... 

R. Becker, Zeitschrift fur Physik 8, 321-62(1922) (Shock waves and detonation application of Chapman-Jouguet theory to solid expls) 9) G. Schweikert, "Innere Ballistik , Springer, Leipzig(1923), 31 ff (Theory of deton of solid liq expls)... 

Miller, PrRoySoc 194A, 480-507 (1948) (Deton of solid expls) 48) M.A. Cook, JChemPhys 15, 518-24(1947) Ibid 16, 554-55, 1081-86 1185 (1948) (An equation of state for gases at extremely high. pressures and temps from the hydrodynamic theory of deton) 49) R.H. 

R.D. Cowan W. Fickett, JChemPhys 24, 932-39(1956) CA 50, 11017(1956) (Detonation props of solid expls calcn with.Kistia-kowsky-Wilson equation of state) 86) M.P. Murgai, JChemPhys,24, 635(1956) CA 50, 9078(1956) (Extension of Comer equation of state to the more extreme regions of pressure obtd in the deton of condensed expls) [See also Section 3, DETONATION (AND EXPLOSION), EQUATIONS OF STATE INl 86a) M.A. Cook, Paper No 25 and Note on Theory of "Free Surface Velocity , Discussion of the Faraday Society, Sept 20-21(1956) (Informal discussion) (Listed as Refs 11 12 in Cook s book, p 89) 87) M.A. Cook et al,... 

Definition of deton, expln de-flgrn) 44-8 (Ideal deton) 48-50 (Nonideal deton) 50-7 (Transient and unstable deton waves) 57-60 (The jumping deton) 61-90 (Thermohydrodynamic theory of deton) 61-6 (Equation of state in deton of condensed expls) 66-8 (The Chapman-Jouguet postulate) 68-75 (The deton reaction zone in gases) 75-7 (Reaction zone in nonideal deton in gases) 77-9 (Reaction zone in condensed expls) 79-87... 

J. Berger J. Favier,MP 41, 75 83 (1959)4 (Deton theories Chapman-Jouguet characteristics for solid expls) 101) C.F. Curtiss et al, JChemPhys 30, 470-92(1959) (Theory of deton) 102) W.B. Gam, JChemPhys 30, 819-22 (1959) (Data are reported which. determine the unreacted Hugoniot curve for liquid... 

A theory of the dependence of the rate of deton of solid expls on the diam of the chge)... 

---