The Role of Cations

Kohen, R, Kakunda, A. and Rubinstein, A. (1992). The role of cationized catalase and cationized glucose oxidase in... 

Yoshida, K., Electrooxidation in Organic Chemistry, The Role of Cation Radicals as Synthetic Intermediates, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1984. 

Hancock, R. E. W. and Diamond, G., The role of cationic antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense, Trends Microbiol., 8, 402, 2000. 

Thus far, emphasis in characterizing the role of the IL in separations has been in assessing the role of cation. Examination of the role of the anion on various physicochemical properties (e.g., viscosity and water solubility) [16] of ILs with identical cations suggest that the anions may be important... 

Overall, the review deals mainly with the chemistry in aqueous media, with occasional mention to work in organic solvents. Cyanometallate complexes are known to display profound changes in their electronic structure and reactivity when dissolved in solvents with different acceptor capability, associated with the donor properties of the exposed electron pairs at the cyano ligands (15). These specific interactions are also related to the role of cationic association in the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions involving cyano complexes (16). 

CHLORIDE (Biological Aspects). Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and other chloride salts, when ingested by animals from feedstuffs and humans from various food substances, reduce to a consideration of the cation involved (Na", K h. etc.) and the Cl (chloride) ion. Generally, in terms of animal and human nutrition, more research has been conducted and more is known about the role of cations in metabolism than that of the chloride ion. Some physiologists and nutritionists in the pasi have described chloride as playing a "passive role" in maintaining the body s ionic and fluid balance. With exception of the chloride shift" in venous blood, the movements of chloride have usually been considered secondary to those of the cations. 

OH and SiF - replacing Cd or Mg. The roles of cations and anions are reversed. The O sites in alternate layers are filled by SiF - and each SiF - ion is surrounded by six NHj ions. There are many favorable situations for strong hydrogen bonds. Other compounds with this structure are listed in Table 5.11. In Section 8.2.9, the structure is considered in terms of individual Si, F, and NHj units, giving puckered double layers of NH4 and F. ... 

The mineral fluorite (CaF2) has the same 3 3PTT structure but with the roles of cations and anions reversed. Because CaF2 is more com-... 

The role of cations in the pulse radiolysis of styrene and a-methyl-styrene is not yet clear. Using frozen glasses, Shida and Hamill (26) and Williams (27) have seen absorptions with peaks at 350 and 650 m/x for styrene and a-methylstyrene. Bands have also been seen previously (24) at 460 or 475 m/x. Perhaps the species responsible for the shoulders seen by Schneider and Swallow between 340 and 370 m/x is a cation, whose absorption overlaps that of the anion radical. This could explain the diminution of the absorption intensity round 390 m/x when n-butylamine was added. However, there was no evidence for an absorption band at longer wavelengths. 

Mechanistic studies on Ziegler-Natta-like polymerization soon focused on the role of cationic alkylzirconocene species in the catalysis. In the 1980s, Jordan and co-workers were the first to isolate and characterize an alkylzirconocene cation in the form of the salt [Cp2Zr(CH3)(THF)]+ [BPhJ- (Scheme 7) [84,85]. 

II. Historical Interest in the Role of Cationic Species in Ziegler-Natta Olefin... 

HISTORICAL INTEREST IN THE ROLE OF CATIONIC SPECIES IN ZIEGLER-NATTA OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION... 

Rose RK, Shellis RP, Lee AR The role of cation bridging in microbial fluoride binding. Caries Res 1996 30 458 164. 

Since cation-radical formation in the chemisorption of hydrocarbons has not previously been considered in the catalytic literature, the nature, reactions, and mechanism for formation of such species should be of considerable importance to the elucidation of catalytic reaction mechanisms particularly in view of the fact that Webb (20) has found spectral evidence for the formation of species other than carbonium ions from butene-2 adsorbed on silica-alumina. It is not possible at the present time to define either the role of cation-radicals in acid catalysis or the chemical nature of the electrophilic surface sites involved in their formation. 

The Role of Cations in Determining Quadruplex Structure and Stability... 

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