The pathways of patients with schizophrenia

The lengths of the linear pathways of subject 016A are astonishing. The length does not depend on the side of the brain lesion and the linEN is a multiple of three. Why does subject 016A exhibit such a long linear pathway at each hemisphere  

An alternative to these prolongation of the linear portions is the prolongation of the minimal cyclical pathway. Trials with mincycEN = 2 are not possible any more. The searching set has difficulties to activate the stimulus element because of the asynchrony between searching set and linear activities or because of the decreased activity exerted by the searching set on the basic elements. 

An impaired hearing for example as the consequence of chemotherapy was not examined in these patients. 

It remains unsolved why the elementary times of patients with monohemispheric brain lesion are increased in the contralateral tasks. The question whether the linEN/ cycEN are increased due to the lesion has not been answered and one unexpected finding namely the symmetrical increase of linEN and cycEN, independent from the lesion, remains unexplained. Future research is necessary to answer these important questions. 

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The pathways of patients with schizophrenia The pathways of patients with monohemispheric brain lesions... 

In this chapter, it is attempted to correlate the asymmetrically increasesd elementary times with the localisation of the stimulus-response pathways The next three chapters of this section deal with the pathways of patients with schizophrenia. 

Important note The standard pathways and the non-standard pathways of patients with schizophrenia do not have the same probability of being activated. The non-standard pathways have a better chance than the standard pathways. Perhaps the support of the neuro-modulatory system is necessary in order to activate these non-standard pathways. 

The event-related potentials are used to confirm the elementary times and pathway structures of healthy subjects. The same method is used to confirm the findings of patients with schizophrenia. 

The increased length of the linear pathway in patients with schizophrenia means that the PFC cannot use the simple perceptions of the early sensory areas but has to use later areas with more complex meaning. Maybe this is the reason why simple noises cannot be perceived as what they are but give rise to experiences in higher... 

The lengths of linear pathways in patients with schizophrenia... 

The hippocampus is not smaller in all patients with schizophrenia, i.e., hippocampal volume alone is not a biological marker and cannot be used to make the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Furthermore, several other diseases, most notably unipolar depression (Campbell and Macqueen, 2004), PTSD (Smith, 2005), and alcoholism (Geuze et al., 2005) are also associated with reduced hippocampal volume. Does smaller hippocampal volume tell us something about a unique pathology in schizophrenia or is hippocampal volume decrease the final common pathway of several pathological conditions ... 

Patients with schizophrenia showed significantly reduced second harmonic responses but intact first harmonic responses. This finding of a differential deficit may indicate a significant loss in the magnocellular pathway. Bi, binocular eye condition Dom, dominant eye condition ND, nondominant eye condition, a, P < 0.01 b, P < 0.05. Reprinted with permission from Kim et al. (2005)... 

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