The effect of current

The displacement of current and the forces (equation (28.4)) on the conductors are two different effects. The effect of current displacement is to increase the effective resistance and the impedance of the conductor on one... 

Fig. 13.2 Linear plats of the effect of current density an the porasity, expressed as p.p.m. Cu, for three different gald-plating baths. The numbers next ta each point show the actual average thickness Orm) for each test. Bath A was a proprietary alkaline cyanide bath using silver as a brightener. Bath D was an acid gold bath containing cobalt and an ethylenediamine tetraacetic...

Figure 14. Charge-discharge curves for the upper plateau in the LirSi system inside a matrix of the Li2 f)Sn phase at 415 °C. The upper panel shows the effect of current density, whereas the lower panel shows that the potential overshoot related to the nucleation of the second phase is mostly eliminated if the electrode is not cycled to the ends of the plateau (441.

Figure 2. The effect of current passage on terminal voltage starting with new carbon. (Reprinted from G. L. Bauer and W. V. Childs, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142, 2286-2290, 1994. Reproduced with permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

A striking feature of the effect of current on the CO oxidation oscillations is shown in Fig. 8.33. It can be seen that the frequency of oscillations is a linear function of the applied current. This holds not only for intrinsically oscillatory states but also for those which do not exhibit oscillations under open-circuit conditions, such as the ones shown on Fig. 8.31. This behaviour is consistent with earlier models developed to describe the oscillatory behaviour of Pt-catalyzed oxidations under atmospheric pressure conditions which are due to surface Pt02 formation35 as analyzed in detail elsewhere.33... 

Gustafsson et al. measured the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of molten NaNOs KNO3. The approximate dimension of the foil used for NaNO, was platinum measuring 0.010 X 40 X 86 mm The foil was heated by a constant electric current and the measurements were completed within 10 s. Errors due to radiation were considered to be negligible. The accuracy was claimed to be +2.6% for thermal conductivity and 3% for thermal diffusivity, but the effect of current leak from the metallic foil to the molten salts was neglected. 

Eng used the galvanostatic deposition of monodisperse polystyrene particles onto a RCE from an acidic copper sulfate to test her theoretical predictions. The particle deposition was found to increase with current density. The increase was greatest at a rotation speed of 615 rpm, and lower at higher and lower rotation speeds. The effect of current density on particle deposition is predicted using her MEIPET boundary conditions but the effect of the rotation speed cannot be explained. 

Tab. 5.23 The effect of current density of the yield and conductivity of polythiophene.

The literal interpretation of a societal approach instructs health care decision makers to pay attention to the effect of current reimbursement policies on the development of new products. Too high a price, and there is too much of a good thing - too many beneficial new products. Too low a price, and the bonanza may dry up, with harm to health, to investment, and to employment. 

The effect of current flow on electrolyte concentration also can be determined by titrating the electrolyte after electrolysis. A device of this type is known as a litrarion coubmeter. Rarely, a coulometer may be referred to as a voltmeter. 

Bove R., Sammes N.M, 2005. The effect of current collectors configuration on the performance of a tubular SOFC. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC IX), May 15-20, Quebec City, Canada, S.C. Singhal and J. Mizusaki (Eds.), Electrochemical Society, Vol. 1, pp. 780-781. 

ED appears to be an inefficient method to recover free citric acid because of its low electric conductivity (Novalic et al., 1995). As it is converted into the monovalent (at pH ca. 3), divalent (at pH ca. 5), or trivalent (at pH about 7) citrate anion, there is a significant increase in the electric conductivity (%), the latter increasing from 0.95 to 2.18 and to 3.9 S/m, respectively, in the case of an aqueous solution containing 50 kg/m3 of citric acid equivalent (Moresi and Sappino, 1998). By increasing the pH from 3 to 7, e reduced about eight times, the solute flux (JB) practically doubled, while the overall water transport (/w) increased 3-4 times. The latter partly counterbalanced the greater effectiveness of the electrodialytic concentration of citric acid at pH 7 with respect to that at pH 3. Table XV presents a summary of the effect of current density ( j) on the main performance indicators of the electrodialytic recovery of the monovalent, divalent, or trivalent ionic fractions of citric acid (Moresi and Sappino, 1998). All the mean values or empirical correlations of the earlier indicators were useful to evaluate the economic feasibility of this separation technique (Moresi and Sappino, 2000). 

Production, Use, Release, and Disposal. Data indicate that chlorobenzene production has declined dramatically over the past two decades, but current quantitative data on use (especially solvent uses) and disposal practices would be helpful in evaluating the effect of current industrial practices on environmental levels of chlorobenzene. 

FIG. 3.12. The effect of current density on the constant of integration C at injected charge density P(0) = 1018 cm-3. Since voltage increases with J, C increases with applied voltage also. The values of the other parameters are the same as given in Fig. 3.11 [44]. 

Turner, N.G., Kalia, YN. and Guy, R.H. (1997) The effect of current on skin barrier function in vivo recovery kinetics post iontophoresis , Pharm. Res. 14, 1252-1255. 

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