Texture dough

Oilseed proteins are used as food ingredients at concentrations of 1—2% to nearly 100%. At low concentrations, the proteins are added primarily for their functional properties, eg, emulsification, fat absorption, water absorption, texture, dough formation, adhesion, cohesion, elasticity, film formation, and aeration (86) (see Food processing). Because of high protein contents, textured flours and concentrates are used as the principal ingredients of some meat substitutes. 

A great deal of effort has been made to investigate the role of xylans in bread making. Reviews on cereal xylans [39,41,118] have shown that the xylan component is primarily responsible for the effects on the mechanical properties of the dough as well as the texture and other end-product quality characteristics of baked products. 

Measured quantities of the pre-ferment are mixed with flour. The dough is then subjected to the combination of intense mixing and the action of the oxidising agent. It is then extruded and cut into loaf sized portions, proved and baked. Bread made by the Do-Maker process has a very even crumb texture, which is characteristic of the process. 

Initial work to establish chip preparation conditions showed that end product characteristics were influenced by meal particle size, by the amount of water added to form the dough, and by the length of time the dough was mixed (1). A very acceptable product was achieved with these process conditions a blend of particle sizes most of which were in the 14-30 mesh range, an 18% added water level, and a mixing time of 5 min. The final product had a crisp texture, a typical roasted peanut flavor, and was quite similar in composition to full-fat roasted peanuts. Chips contained about 49% oil, 27% protein, and 1% moisture. 

Nielsen et al. (39) used pea flour and pea protein concentrate, both cooked and raw, in noodles and spaghetti. The pasta was made from composite flours prepared by blending 33% pea flour with 67% wheat flour or 20% pea concentrate with 80% wheat flour. Protein content of the fortified noodles was approximately one-third higher than the wheat flour noodles. Addition of pea flour reduced the cooking time, but resulted in a softer product and lower yield than the wheat pastas. Precooking the pea flour improved flavor and decreased noodle dough stickiness, but the texture and yield of the cooked pasta was still less than that of wheat products. 

Softening action in doughs, reduce mixing time, increase extensibility, improve texture and grain loaf volume, liberate 6-amylase Increase drying rate of proteins, improve product handling characteristics, production of miso and tofu... 

While these methods can provide useful information for determining the functional performance of Ingredients used in food, the criteria for quality must be established on the final product thus, dough must be baked into bread and meat analogues cooked and these foods subjected to organoleptic evaluation for texture. 

Bagley, E.B., Christianson, D.D., and Martindale, J. A. 1988. Uniaxial compression of a hard wheat flour dough Data analysis using the upper con-vected Maxwell model. J. Texture Studies 19 289-305. 

This is an adaptation of a chocolate plastique recipe I learned in one of my master cake-decorating classes. With an elastic texture and a taste similar to that of Tootsie Rolls, the dough rolls out thin, so it s easy to cut out shapes with cookie cutters or to make animals, robots, or any other figures, such asfowers and balls. Although the dough is easy to make, it will require a little muscle strength to knead it at first. 

Doublier J-L. In Faridi H, Faubion JM, eds. Dough Rheology and Baked Product Texture. New York, NY Van Nostrand Reinhold 1990 111. 

---