Terpinolene turpentine

By oxidation with permanganate it forms pinonic acid, C,oH,<503, a monobasic acid derived from cyclobutane. With strong sulphuric acid it forms a mixture of limonene, dipentene, terpinolene, terpinene, camphene and p-cymene. Hydrogen chloride reacts with turpentine oil to give CioHijCl, bomyl chloride, artificial camphor . 

Terpenes, specifically monoterpenes, are naturally occurring monomers that are usually obtained as by-products of the paper and citms industries. Monoterpenes that are typically employed in hydrocarbon resins are shown in Figure 2. Optically active tf-limonene is obtained from various natural oils, particularly citms oils (81). a and P-pinenes are obtained from sulfate turpentine produced in the kraft (sulfate) pulping process. Southeastern U.S. sulfate turpentine contains approximately 60—70 wt % a-pinene and 20—25 wt % P-pinene (see Terpenoids). Dipentene, which is a complex mixture of if,/-Hmonene, a- and P-pheUandrene, a- and y-terpinene, and terpinolene, is also obtained from the processing of sulfate Hquor (82). 

Turpentine is a mixture of CioHie volatile terpenes (hydrocarbons made of isoprene units). There are actually four different types and methods of making turpentine, including steam distillation of wood. The two pinenes, a and P, are major components of turpentine. Other compounds found in abundant amounts are camphene, dipentene, terpinolene, and A -carene. Although it has been replaced by petroleum hydrocarbons as paint thinners (lower price, less odor), turpentine is still a good solvent and thinner in many specialty applications. The use pattern for turpentine is as follows synthetic... 

Terpinolene Found in essential oils of eucalyptus, tea tree and turpentine. 

Cyclohexane monoterpenes are a chemically diverse group of monoterpenoids that occur in the plant kingdom mainly as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenols (Fig. 5). The saturated hydrocarbon trans-p-menthme (El) is a constituent of the oil of turpentine and the resin of pine (Pinaceae) trees. Its unsaturated analogs, namely (i )-(- -)-limonene (E2) [present in oil of orange (Citrus aurantium) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae) peel oil] a-terpinene (E3) and terpinolene (E4) in some Citrus, Juniperus, Mentha and Pinus species (i )-(-)-a-phellandrene (E5) in Eucalyptus phellandra (Myrtaceae) and (5)-(- -)-3-phellandrene (E6) in water feimel (Phel-landrium aquaticum, Umbelliferae), are components of many plant volatile oils. The rich chemical diversity of cyclohexane monoterpene alcohols is apparent from the natural occurrence of all four pairs of / -menthan-3-ol enantiomers, for... 

At that time, hydrocarbons occurring in essential oils with the molecular formula C,oH g were known, which had been named by Kekule terpenes because of their occurrence in turpentine oil. Constituents with the molecular formulas CigHigO and C,oH,gO were also known at that time under the generic name camphor and were obviously related to terpenes. The prototype of this group was camphor itself, which was known since antiquity. In 1891, Wallach characterized the terpenes pinene, camphene, limonene, dipentene, phellandrene, terpinolene, fenchene, and sylvestrene, which has later been recognized to be an artifact. 

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