Terpenoids saponins

For smaller quantities of compounds more sensitive inverse detected techniques are available, such as HMQC ( IH-I C one bond correlation via heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, analogous to HETCOR) and HMBC (proton detected heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy) (15). The last provide, in addition to the intraresidue multiple bond correlations, interresidue correlations between the anomeric carbon and the aglycone protons.We follow this general strategy for the structural determination of tri terpenoid saponins of Bupleurum fruticosum (16) andArdisia japonica (9). 

Phytochemistry The herb contains the glucoside cyclamine, saponoids and other terpenoid saponins as well as the enzyme primveraza (Ogolevitz 1951 Amoros et al. 1987). The aboveground plant parts contain flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin), phenylcarbonic acids (caffeic, ferulic, etc.), anthocyans and fatty oil (MedicineLib.ru 2008). 

Agarwal, S. K., Rastogi, R. P. Terpenoid saponins and their genins. Phytochemistry 13,2623-2645 (1974)... 

Makoto I, Ohta S, Komoto N, Ushijima M, Kodera Y, Hayama M, Shirota O, Sekita S, Kuroyanagi M (2008) Rapid identification of terpenoid saponins in the root of Codonopsis lanceolata by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Nat Med 62(4) 423-429. doi 10.1007/sl 1418-008-0270-z... 

Thousands of diverse natural products are produced by plants and many of these are involved in plant defense. The phytochemical diversity of antimicrobial compounds include terpenoids, saponins, phenolics and phenylpro-panoids, pterocarpans, stilbenes, alkaloids, glucosinolates, hydrogen cyanide, terpenoids, indole and also elemental sulphur, the sole inorganic compound (Cooper et al., 1996). Investigation of chemotaxonomic relationships provided evidence that plant families may be good proxy for the chemical composition of antimicrobial compounds for instance, Fabaceae produce primarily isoflavonoids and... 

Many cells that are no longer of use are eliminated by apoptosis (see Table IV above). Apoptosis can also be induced by a number of toxins and appears to be the major mechanism of cytotoxicity caused by SM. Many polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, and also alkaloids apparently can induce apoptosis. 

Clematis armandii Franch. C. heracleifolia DC C. heracleifolia DC var. davidiana (Decaisue ex Verlot) O. Kuntze Mu Tong (Clematis) (stem) Aristolochic acid, saponin akebin, tri terpenoids.25-33 Diuretic, antibacterial. 

N.A. Coumarins, polyacetylenes, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, saponins.185 A stimulant, expectorant herb for the bronchial system. Treat tuberculosis. 

Marston, A., K. Hostettmann, J. B. Harborne, and F. A. Tomas-Barberan. 1991. Plant saponins chemistry and molluscicidal action. Ecological chemistry biochemistry plant terpenoids. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. Europe 31. p. 264-286. 

Saponins consist of a terpenoid core (the aglycone), having oxygenated positions bound to sugar moieties (up to ten monosaccharidic units). In water they form colloidal solutions which foam on shaking and precipitate cholesterol. When saponins are near cell membranes, their interaction with cholesterol may create pore-like structures that eventually cause the membrane to burst. Hemolysis is an example of this phenomenon (i.e. the distraction of erythocyte membranes, but not hemoglobin). Occasionally, they cause hypersecretion, which could explain their expectorant activities and also their toxicity to fish. 

Terpenoids are structurally based on the isoprenoid (C5) unit and include monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids and carotenoids. These compounds can be further modified to generate greater structural complexity. Thus the saponins are surface active amphiphiles deriving from the glycosylation of steroid (C27) or triterpenoid (C30) entities. Plant triterpenoids with very specific biochemical effects include those that mimic the effects of mammalian steroid hormones or of insect developmental hormones. 

Ghayurefo/. (2005)reportedthe hypotensive, endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilator and cardio-suppressant and stimulant effects of aqueous extract (Zo. Cr) of ginger. Zo.Cr, which tested positive for saponins, flavonoids, amines, alkaloids and terpenoids, induced a dose-dependent... 

There are abundant and diverse flavonoids with carbohydrates and lipids, alkaloids (betalain alkaloids and other alkaloids), phenols (chromones, cou-marins, lignans, quinines, and other phenolics), terpenoids (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, triperpenoid saponins, carotenoids, and other terpenoids), and minerals as micronutritional phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables of our daily diets. Among these phytochemicals, the flavonoids have specific functionality in relation to age-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiac infarction, cataracts, and cancer. The authors of each chapter in the first section have presented their evidence in relation to the mechanism of the preventative and therapeutic ability of the compounds. 

Lipophilic compounds, such as the various terpenoids, tend to associate with other hydrophobic molecules in a cell these can be biomembranes or the hydrophobic core of many proteins and of the DNA double helix [10,18,24,25]. In proteins, such hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions can also lead to conformational changes, and thus protein inactivation. A major target for terpenoids, especially saponins, is the biomembrane. Saponins (and, among them, the steroid alkaloids) can change the fluidity of biomembranes, thus reducing their function as a permeation barrier. Saponins can even make cells leaky, and this immediately leads to cell death. This can easily be seen in erythrocytes when they are attacked by saponins these cells burst and release hemoglobin (hemolysis) [1,6,17]. Among alkaloids, steroidal alkaloids (from Solanaceae) and other terpenoids have these properties. 

Cl 0 monoterpenes Cl 5 sesquiterpenes C20 diterpenes C30 triterpenes C27 steroids C40 tetraterpenes C(n) polyterpenes Saponins Cucurbitacins Terpenoid alkaloids... 

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. - cidreira, erva-cidreira, melissa, carmelitana A calming effect, to relax, tranquilizer Leaves (decoction) Afro-Brazilians [3,41] Xukuru Indians [37] Caboclos [52,56,59] Ouilombolas [48] Alkaloids [219] saponins [220] sterols, flavonoids [221] essential oils [222,223] prenylated naphtoquinones [224] iridoids [225] terpenoids [226,227] phenolic acids [228] ... 

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. [umnyamatsi. Cape ash] (Mehaeeae) bark deeoetion is nsed for heartbnm (as an anti-aeid). Roots eontain polyphenols, saponins and terpenoids (18). The roots are also nsed in a remedy for dysentery (17). 

Scilla natalensis Planch, [lukhovu, slangkop] (Hyacinthaceae) bulb decoction is nsed for medical cnrrethage and waist or back pain (18,26). The bnlb contains alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins and terpenoids (18). Homoisoflavanones, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3 -(4-hydioxybenzyl)chroman-4-one and 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one have also been isolated from the bulb (43). 

Scilla nervosa [ndwendwendwe, wild squill] (Burch.) Jessop. (Hyacinthaceae) bulb decoction is nsed for lower abdominal pains in women (26). The bulb contains alkaloids, cardenohdes, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids (18). The bulb is also mixed with the roots of Crossandra fruticulosa Lindau [likhambilebantfwana, shade crossandra] (Acanthaceae) and then together used in treating peptic ulcers in children (12). 

Annona senegalensis stem bark is used for the treatment of hysteria and a constituent of its root bark has been found efiective for treating cancer using sarcoma 180 ascites cells (75). The bark and root are used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (18). The root bark contains cardenolides, glycosides and saponins. The stem bark contains anthranoids, cardenolides, glycosides saponins and terpenoids (50,18). Its fraits are edible and are taken for diarrhoea, dysentery and vomiting (23,33). 

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