Ternary lanthanide oxides

Methods involving homogeneous precipitation of the hydroxycarbonate of the lanthanides followed by calcining can be utilized to obtain colloidal particles of binary or ternary lanthanide oxides with varied morphologies. This technique has been thoroughly described by Matijevi c and by Hsu et al. (1988). Kang et al. (1992b) have... 

Based on the fluorite-type module theory the thermodynamic properties, hysteresis, and reactions between the homologous series can be elucidated and the structures of homologous series experimentally discovered may be modeled. Using these principles a wide range of non-stoichiometric ternary lanthanide higher oxides from RO2 to R2O3 were founded. 

Additional areas of lanthanide halide chemistry that have been reviewed include the synthesis, phase studies, and structures of complex lanthanide halides - compounds formed between one or more group 1 cation and lanthanide element halides (Meyer 1982). Halides in combination with lanthanide elements in the II, III, and IV oxidation states were considered with the chemistry of the heavier halides being emphasized. More recently the reduced ternary lanthanide halides (Meyer 1983) and the reduced halides of the lanthanide elements were reviewed (Meyer 1988). The latter review considered lanthanides in which the formal oxidation state of the cation was 2 and included hydride halides, oxide halides, mixed-valence ternary halides, and reduced halide clusters. Corbett et al. (1987) discussed the structures and some bonding aspects of highly reduced lanthanide halides and compounds stabilized by a second-period element bound within each cluster, e.g., SC7CIJ2B, SC5CI5B, YjCljC. 

Synthesis in liquidAl Al as a reactive solvent Several intermetallic alu-minides have been prepared from liquid aluminium very often the separation of the compounds may be achieved through the dissolution of Al which dissolves readily in several non-oxidizing acids (for instance HC1). For a review on the reactions carried out in liquid aluminium and on several compounds prepared, see Kanatzidis et al. (2005) binary compounds are listed (Re-Al, Co-Al, Ir-Al) as well as ternary phases (lanthanide and actinide-transition metal aluminides). Examples of quaternary compounds (alumino-silicides, alumino-germanides of lanthanides and transition metals) have also been described. As an example, a few preparative details of specific compounds are reported in the following. 

It appears that the ternary and quaternary of the lanthanide higher oxides have potential applications in catalyst field (Bernal et al., 2005a, 2005b). 

Phenols that have more than one hydroxyl group may be carboxylated with CO2 at atmospheric pressure under basic conditions. The research team of Y.-C. Gao synthesized 3,5-di-fert-butyl-y-resorcylic acid from 4,6-di-fert-butyl resorcinol using the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction under these conditions. The resorcylic acid derivative was needed in order to prepare ternary complexes of lanthanide(lll)-3,5-di-fert-butyl-Y-resorcylate with substituted pyridine-A/-oxide. 

Ternary complexes of lanthanide (lll)-3,5-di-fert-butyl-y-resorcylate with substituted pyridine-A/-oxide... 

Chu, Y., Gao, Y.-C., Shen, F.-J., Liu, X., Wang, Y.-Y., Shi, Q.-Z. Synthesis, crystal structure and characterization of ternary complexes of lanthanide(lll) 3,5-di-tert-butyl- -resorcylate with substituted pyridine-N-oxide. Polyhedron 1999,18, 3723-3727. 

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