Temperature sensoring stimulus

The word sensor typically refers to a device that converts a change in a physical stimulus into output parameters that can be read by human or an electrOTiic instrument As an example, a thermocouple that converts the difference in temperature at a reference point and the measurement point into an electrical voltage forms a temperature sensor. The output of a sensor contains information about the state of a physical object (e.g., a machine tool) or a process (e.g., metal forming). Such information can be processed for improved observability in manufacturing machines and processes (Domfeld 1992 Altintas and Park 2004 Gao et al. 2008 Altintas and Jin 2011), leading to better control and decision-making (Toenshoff and Inasaki 2000). 

Smart and adaptive or intelligent materials adjust their mechanical properties upon the receipt of an external stimulus. In engineering language, they act as integrated sensors, processors, and actuators. For example, some polymers can be considered to be smart since they change their shapes with a change of temperature [3] this property has been exploited in the development of all-... 

Stimuli-responsive polymers consist of a class of smart materials that exhibit a physical response to changes in external conditions. Such stimuli include changes in pH, ionic strength, solvent polarity, and temperature, as well as mechanical force or electric fields. On the basis of their ability to switch conformations, stimuli-responsive polymers are being applied as sensors, actuators, and transducers (e.g., mechano-electrical or mechano-optical). Nanoporous membranes can be functionalized with stimuli-responsive polymers to modify their permeability, that is, to reversibly open and close the pores upon a given stimulus. ... 

In general, a gas sensor can be defined as a device that informs about the composition of its ambient atmosphere (i.e., responds to the stimulus, Figure 22.1). More specifically, upon interaction with chemical species (adsorption, chemical reaction, and charge transfer), the physicochemical properties of the metal oxide sensitive layer (such as its mass, temperature, and electrical resistance) reversibly change. These changes are translated into an electrical signal such as frequency. 

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