Temperature roughness

Time refers to the retention time or residence which is the length of time that an organic is at the appropriate oxidation temperature. Roughly, if a 95% destruction efficiency is required, a residence time of a half a second is adequate. That is, the organic compound is brought up to a temperature of about 1400° F, and maintained at that temperature for a retention time of half a second. Both retention time and turbulence must be achieved, where turbulence is a term which implies a required degree of mixing. If the turbulence occurs and if the 1400° F for a half a second is... 

Carbon stars with spectral types R, N (or C) and S. R and N stars are cool giants with temperatures roughly corresponding to normal spectral types K and... 

Universe model specifically 2m = 0.37, Qt> = 0.037, 2a = 0.63, h = 0.7. The key lies in the dependence of star formation rate on ambient density and temperature, roughly parameterized by the relative overdensity 8 = p/(p) — 1, the change in physical density from expansion being partly compensated by the drop in ambient temperature. Galaxies and clusters of stars are deemed to be formed in a cell in the computation when three criteria are satisfied (Cen Ostriker 2000) ... 

Generally, the occurrence of a specific mode is determined by droplet impact properties (size, velocity, temperature), surface properties (temperature, roughness, wetting), and their thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, density, surface tension, droplet viscosity). It appeared that the surface temperature and the impact Weber number are the most critical factors governing both the droplet breakup behavior and ensuing heat transfer. I335 412 415]... 

For any given system, the average width yi/yo increases with temperature roughly as T1 2 as one may readily conclude from Table 3.1, in agreement with our simple interpretation above related to the duration of collisions, Eq. 3.3. 

Since the 17d state is bound by 380 cm""1, which exceeds kT, the photoionization rate varies rapidly with temperature, roughly a factor of 100 between 90 K and 300 K, as shown by Fig. 5.7. The rapid, nearly exponential, dependence of the photoionization rate on temperature shown in Fig. 5.7 is to be contrasted with the linear temperature dependence of the 19s —> 19p, 18p transfer rate shown in Fig. 5.6. 

The main chemisorption of pyridine on alumina surfaces at temperatures roughly below 350°C is, thus, by coordination on to coordinatively unsaturated Al3+ ions ... 

The low-temperature kinetics data of these early difficult experiments did not have the time or spectral resolution to consider these possibilities. However, there is now an excellent set of temperature-dependent kinetics data for the similar bacterium Rp. viridis [16, 17]. These data clearly show multiphasic kinetics that can be resolved into very fast, fast and slow phases, most of which slow with temperature roughly an order of magnitude before reaching a temperature-independent plateau. What does change dramatically with temperature is the contribution of each of these phases, with the fast phases falling away dramatically at a temperature around 210 K for the wild-type Rp. viridis. Thus, the overall result is a dramatic decrease in half-time of the reaction with temperature, as Devault and Chance observed. 

On the temperature. In aqueous solutions, the mobility increases with temperature roughly by about 3% per degree. This is a strong effect as, for example, a temperature difference of only 5K between the center and the wall of the separation capillary leads to a mobility difference of about 15%. 

The stability of the crystalline and amorphous phases at the interface is a matter of kinetics and temperature. At high temperatures, the amorphous region remains randomized. At low temperatures, the structure is effectively frozen in, with only small changes in structure possible over long time periods. It is only at intermediate temperatures, roughly half the randomization temperature T, that the crystalline substrate can effectively serve as a seed for crystallization to extend into the amorphous region on a feasible time scale. 

Sintering is essentially a process in which fine particles, which are in contact with each other, agglomerate when heated to a suitable temperature roughly one-half to two-thirds of the melting temperature. At this temperature, the crystallite faces display disorder, which enables rapid surface diffusion. The body of the powder remains solid while the surfaces become slippery. This agglomeration is accompanied by a decrease in the porosity and an increase in the bulk density of the mass. Simultaneously, there is a reduction in surface area and surface free energy, and hence a reduction in the total free energy of the system itself. 

A partial agreement with experiment can be reached [374] for temperatures roughly from 1000 to 1300 K. However, the agreement can be further improved by... 

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