Temperature physical interpretation

The third approach is called the thermodynamic theory of passive systems. It is based on the following postulates (1) The introduction of the notion of entropy is avoided for nonequilibrium states and the principle of local state is not assumed, (2) The inequality is replaced by an inequality expressing the fundamental property of passivity. This inequality follows from the second law of thermodynamics and the condition of thermodynamic stability. Further the inequality is known to have sense only for states of equilibrium, (3) The temperature is assumed to exist for non-equilibrium states, (4) As a consequence of the fundamental inequality the class of processes under consideration is limited to processes in which deviations from the equilibrium conditions are small. This enables full linearization of the constitutive equations. An important feature of this approach is the clear physical interpretation of all the quantities introduced. 

We are very often concerned with magnitudes such as pressure, density, concentration, temperature, etc., which have the significance of mean values, and it must be remembered that wre cannot apply these terms to systems which are so constituted as to prohibit the existence of such a mean value. This point is by no means merely a logical or mathematical refinement, but is of the very essence of the physical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics (cf. Planck, be. cit.). 

The physical interpretation of this result is that, according to the conditions of pressure and temperature, the fluid to which the equation is applied can exist either in three states with different specific volumes at the same temperature and pressure, or else in only one state (imaginary roots having no physical significance). Case (ii.) corresponds to a gas heated above its critical temperature. In case (i.) the physical interpretation is that the smallest value of v corresponds to the liquid, the largest value of v corresponds to saturated vapour, and the intermediate value corresponds to an unstable state, all at the given temperature. 

It is particularly convenient to choose the reference conditions at which the volumetric flow rate is measured as the temperature and pressure prevailing at the reactor inlet, because this choice leads to a convenient physical interpretation of the parameters and CA0 and, in many cases, one finds that the latter quantity cancels a similar term appearing in the reaction rate expression. Unless otherwise specified, this choice of reference conditions is used throughout the remainder of this text. For constant density systems and this choice of reference conditions, the space time t then becomes numerically equal to the average residence time of the fluid in the reactor. 

The physical interpretation is that the phase separation only exists up to the temperature T, which corresponds to the H-H interaction. 

Numerical simulations of these stochastic equations under fast temperature ramping conditions indicate that the correlations in the random forces obtained by way of the adiabatic method do not satisfy the equipartition theorem whereas the proposed iGLE version does. Thus though this new version is phenomenological, it is consistent with the physical interpretation that 0(t) specifies the effective temperature of the nonstationary solvent. 

It is always desirable to have physical interpretations of unusual phenomena. The existence of a critical temperature difference for nucleate boiling has challenged many thinkers. The easiest explanation occurs... 

By measuring the temperature dependence of kex, activation parameters (Aff and AS ) could be calculated and were reported. However, I am not sure how to physically interpret these numbers. The temperature dependence of rate can be fit to other expressions, and here it is fit to the Marcus equation for nonadiabatic electron transfer in the case of degenerate electron transfer (e.g., AG° = 0)... 

Despite the diversity of the studies being carried out, they had a single ideological and methodological platform at their foundation was the strong dependence of the chemical reaction rate on temperature, and various related threshold phenomena. To obtain the basic laws of combustion, asymptotic methods were used, complemented by an explicitly physical interpretation. 

Any physical interpretation of a partial molar quantity must be consistent with its definition. It is simply the change of the property of the phase with a change of the number of moles of one component keeping the mole numbers of all the other components constant, in addition to the temperature and pressure. It is a property of the phase and not of the particular component. One physical concept of a partial molar quantities may be obtained by considering an infinite quantity of the phase. Then, the finite change of the property on the addition of 1 mole of the particular component of this infinite quantity of solution at constant temperature and pressure is numerically equal to the partial molar value of the property with respect to the component. 

Thus 1 is the total heat energy required to bring a solid from an initial temperature Tso to Tm and to melt it at that temperature. Sundstrom and Young (33) solved this set of equations numerically after converting the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations by similarity techniques. Pearson (35) used the same technique to obtain a number of useful solutions to simplified cases. He also used dimensionless variables, which aid in the physical interpretation of the results, as shown below ... 

We note that the classical equilibrium entropy (i.e., the eta-function evaluated at equilibrium states) acquires in the context of the Microcanonical Ensemble an interesting physical interpretation. The entropy becomes a logarithm of the volume of the phase space that is available to macroscopic systems having the fixed volume, fixed number of particles and fixed energy. If there is only one microscopic state that corresponds to a given macroscopic state, we can put the available phase space volume equal to one and the entropy becomes thus zero. The one-to-one relation between microscopic and macroscopic thermodynamic equilibrium states is thus realized only at zero temperature. 

We have already used the same strategy in Section 3.1.1. The transformation x — x is one-to-one because he, having the physical interpretation of the inverse of the temperature, is always positive. We need now to find L expressing kinematics of (88). The physical insight on which we shall base... 

To summarize, we have shown that a specific physical interpretation of the intensive variables governed by Equation (1.1) - temperature, pressure, and chemical potential - arises from the assumption that systems move to thermodynamic macrostates that maximize the number of accessible microstates. This is our first application of the famous second law of thermodynamics, which, as is implicit in the above derivations, is stated as the entropy of a closed system never decreases. It is worth noting that our interpretation of the intensive thermodynamic variables... 

Rational thermodynamics provides a method for deriving the constitutive equations without assuming local equilibrium. In this formulation, absolute temperature and entropy do not have a precise physical interpretation. It is assumed that the system has a memory, and the behavior of the system at a given time is determined by the characteristic parameters of both the present and the past. However, the general expressions for the balance of mass, momentum, and energy are still used. 

A physical interpretation of Equation (35) is possible if one notes that it is mathematically analogous to Fourier law of heat conduction. The constant factor in the right-hand side plays the role of thermal conductivity, and the local incident radiation GA(r) plays the role of temperature. In that sense, differences in the latter variable among neighboring regions in the medium drive the diffusion of radiation toward the less radiated zone. Note that the more positive the asymmetry parameter, the higher the conductivity that is, forward scattering accelerates radiation diffusion while backscatter-ing retards it. 

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