Telegraph, first

With the discoveiy of electricity, the evolution of communications occurred at a rapid rate. Smoke signals that were used for hundreds of years to convey information at a word or two per minute were first replaced by the use of copper-based conductors, such as the telegraph, that transmitted twenty to forty words per minute. By the end of the twentieth century, lasers with fiber optic wires transmitted an entire book around the world in under a second. 

The appearance of electrochemical batteries provided an impetus in research into practical applications of electric current. The first prototype of electric telegraph appeared in 1804. In 1838, Jacobi experimented with a battery-driven motorboat on the Neva River not far from St. Petersburg. These achievements led to rapid development of the theory and practice of electrical engineering, and the seventh decade of that century saw the appearance of a revolutionary new power source the electromagnetic generator (Werner von Siemens, 1866), which soon surpassed their predecessors in both electrical and economic parameters. 

John Daniell (English physicist) developed the first modern storage cell based on Faraday s principles. This consists of a large glass jar with a copper star-shaped electrode in the bottom and a zinc "crow s foot" shaped electrode suspended near the top. The bottom of the jar was filled with a concentrated copper sulfate solution. On top of this was poured dilute sulfuric acid, whose lower density kept it on top. This was the first practical battery to find wide use to power telegraphs and railway signaling systems and home doorbells. 

When Osmond was first given DMT, he remained silent for some time and then responded with "My. . . word Another user, trying to describe the effects briefly, commented, "I took a puff—and then my arms and legs fell off. . . and the garden of God opened up. Yet another user living in the Virgin Islands had been sent some DMT and assumed it was a new kind of Cannabis, she telegraphed the sender "WHAT REPEAT WHAT WAS THAT ... 

In a conducting medium (c / 0) with no source of charge (p = 0), the Maxwell equations yield the first telegraph equation (so named from a transmission-line theory for long-range telegraphy developed by Heaviside) [14] ... 

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