Technical elastic limit

I is consequently called the proportionality limit or the elastic limit. The latter name is incorrect because of the entropy-elasticity remaining above the point I. According to definition, the proportionality limit is reached when the sample shows a remaining 0.1 % strain after removal of the stress. The technical elastic limit is defined as an extension of 0.2%. 

The technical magnetic properties such as Hc and pi are primarily a function of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant (K ) of the material. But once the magnetocrystalline anisotropy has been made small, the soft magnetic properties are still limited by magneto-elastic anisotropies due to internal mechanical stress. Hence, materials development has focused on compositions and microstructures where both K and the saturation... 

In this section, we look at several methods in current use for calculating electron-molecule collision cross sections relevant to low-temperature plasmas. For the most part, we will avoid technical details, which in any case can readily be found elsewhere (Huo and Gianturco, 1995 Winstead and McKoy, 1996), although we will attempt to describe enough of the implementation to bring out the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each method. We will conclude with illustrative examples in which different methods are applied to the same elastic and inelastic electron-molecule collision problems. 

In the following, the basic principles of ion beam analytical (IBA) methods based on elastic scattering are briefly introduced. To provide hints as to whether or not these methods are suitable for a special problem, their advantages and limits are also shown. More detailed information can be found in the literature (Chu et al. 1978 Tesmer et al. 1990 Tesmer and Nastasi 1995). In case of concrete problems, it is advisable to consult the specialists in the field, since these measurements need rather elaborate technical background. 

The chain orientation produced by drawing generally increases the tensile modulus. Gel-spinning has gained technical importance since the ultradrawing attained in this special process yields particularly high stiffness values. Elastic moduli up to 2 10 Nm have been obtained for draw ratios of about 100, which comes rather near to the theoretical limit given by the stiffness of an all-trans polyethylene chain (E = 3 10 Nm ). 

---