Tartaric distribution

Occurrence. (R-R, R )-Tartaric acid occurs in the juice of the grape and in a few other fmits and plants. It is not as widely distributed as citric acid or S(—)-mahc acid. The only commercial source is the residues from the wine industry. (i -R, R -Tartaric acid has been found in the fmit and leaves of BauMma reticulata, a tree native to MaU (western Africa). Like the dextrorotatory acid, it forms anhydrous monoclinic crystals. 

The enantioselectivity a is defined as the distribution ratio of one single enantiomer over the two chiral phases and has been determined experimentally for a variety of compounds (Table 5-1). It has been known from work by Prelog [66, 67] that tartaric acid derivatives show selectivities towards a-hydroxyamines and amino acids. However, from Table 5-1 it is obvious that tartaric acid derivatives show selectivity for many other compounds, including various amino bases (e.g. mirtazapine (10)) and acids (e.g. ibuprofen (11)). The use of other chiral selectors (e.g. PLA)... 

Tartaric acid has an even more limited distribution as acylation agent of anthocyanins, identified in only four anthocyanins (82, 246, 383, and 401) isolated from flowers of Anemone... 

Hydrofluoric [112], oxalic, lactic, tartaric [121] and citric acids [121, 128], for example, help to obtain an egg-white or egg-yolk distribution of chloroplatinic acid. These competing agents, which have a high affinity for alumina, become irreversibly fixed on the external sites of the support and force the platinum precursor to migrate farther towards the center of the grain in order to find free sites. 

Properties.—Succinic acid has been known for a long time. It is quite widely distributed in nature. It is found in unripe fruits, especially in grapes, also in lignite, in peat and in many plants. Its most important occurrence is in amber from which it may be obtained by distillation. It is also a constituent of wines where it is the product of the alcoholic fermentation of the sugars of grape juice. Another source, which will be considered later, is from malic and tartaric acids by bacterial or mould fermentation. Succinic acid crystallizes in plates or columns which melt at 182°. It sublimes when it is heated below its melting point. When heated rapidly to 235° it loses water and forms an anhydride. It is soluble in 14 parts of water. 

Dextro tartaric acid is the ordinary tartaric acid as it is found widely distributed in nature, in grapes, mountain ash berries, pineapples, potatoes and other plants. It crystallizes without water of crystallization in transparent, mono-clinic columns which are easily soluble in water or in alcohol. 100 parts of water at 15° dissolve 132 parts of the acid. It melts at i68°-i70°. In water solution it is dextro rotatory. The chief source of tartaric acid is the juice of the grape, where it is present as the free acid and as the acid potassium salt. In this source it is mostly the dextro variety that is found. It is obtained from the vinasse, or residue which settles out from the juice after it has been expressed. When grape juice ferments, in the formation of wine, the solubility of the acid potassium salt is lessened due to the presence of alcohol and it gradually separates and settles to the bottom iii the form of what is known as lees. These lees are dried or recrystallized once and the product is then known as crude tartar or argol. The crude tartar contains, in addition to the acid potassium tartrate, free tartaric... 

Virginia Creeper leaves were fed L-ascorbic acid with C in Cl, C4, C5, or C6 or on C6 (14). In each experiment, three compound leaves from the fifth position behind the tip of the vine were used. After a 24-h metabolic period, the distribution of radioisotope was determined (Table III). As in the grape, l-[1- C]- and l-[4- C]ascorbic acid produced carboxyl labeled tartaric acid. Virutally no radioisotope appeared in tartaric acid from the other l-[5- C]-, l-[6- C]-, or l-[6- H]ascorbic acid. The larger amount of C02 released by L-[l- C]ascorbic acid labeled leaves has been confirmed in subsequent studies. 

The degree of the metal extractions depends on its concentration. Por example, with increasing europium concentration the distribution coefficients in the alkali-DOBTA system decrease, while in the alkali-tartaric acid system a maximum at 7x10 4 M Eu concentration is observed. As we suggested the enhancement in the metal distribution coefficient is evidently due to the metal polymerization in the organic phase, and the decrease is caused by polymerization in the aqueous phase, which eventually results in low extractable polymer form. The latter assumption is supported by the fact that as the alkali concentration increases the maximum on extraction curves undergoes a shift towards lower concentration of the metal. 

To decrease hydrolysis and to increase selectivity we have employed complex-forming agents such as DTPA and tartaric acid ( 1 ) The results show that Am extraction in the NaOH-tartaric acid solution is approximately the same as that of Eu. At low concentrations of the alkali the distribution coefficients are small as the concentration increases, the extraction of Am and Eu sharply increases to reach a maximum at 2 M NaOH ( 99%) and to stay constant up to 10 M. The R = f/NaOH/ dependence by Am and Eu extraction in the form of tartrates by aliquat-336 was different, namely the extraction was high at low alkali concentrations and poor at NaOH concentration greater than 2 M. It may be assumed that DOP forms strong chelates with trivalent actinides and lantha-... 

The improved process uses CO2 to extract both nicotine and aromas in one step and then the nicotine is removed selectively from the CO2 before it is recylced to the vessel holding the tobacco. The selective removal is carried out by passing the nicotine-aroina-laden CO2 phase through an acid trap. A variety of acids are suggested such as sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, malonic, succinic, citric, and tartaric and their alkali metal salts. I he acid can be dissolved in water or it can be distributed onto a packing. 

Waitz JA, Obee re, Meisenbelden JE and Thompson PE (1965) Physiologc disposition of antimony after administration of Sb-labelled tartar emetic to rats, mice and monkeys, and the effects of tris (p-phenyl)carbonium palmoate on this distribution. Bull WHO 33 537-546. 

Radiolabeling synthesis and resolution of L(-l-)-tartaric acid and its distribution in mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke 45th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 45, 1281. 

The active forms of dihydroxysuccinic acid are named dextro-tartaric acid and levo-tartaric acid. The former occurs widely distributed in nature, and is usually called tartaric acid, the prefix being omitted. The inactive acid which is a mixture of... 

An early report of the stereospecific reaction between (/ )(-l-)-tartaric or (/ )(-I-)-malic acid and [Co(C03)(phen)2]Cl at ambient temperature has been refuted and both A- and A-[Co (/ )L (phen)2]" ions (233) are formed. The distribution ratio A(J )/A(/ ) = 0.38 for the (i )-tartrate complex. Using [(5o(Cl)2(phen)2]Cl at 60 °C and Na(-t-)-tartrate the ratio is 0.70, but thermodynamic distributions remain unknown. A(ii) and A(i ) diastereoisomers of both acids have recently been isolated and characterized by CD and 360 MHz H NMB. The reaction of meso-tartaric acid results in four diastereoisomeric possibilities (depending on which asymmetric carbon is in the chelate ring) and all four have been separated... 

Tartaric acid serves as the stereochemical connection between the carbohydrates and glyceraldehyde, and is a chiral butanediol that exists in three forms. L-( + )-Tartaric acid, (27, 3/ )-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid 1 (R=H), is referred to as the natural form, and it is widely distributed in nature and classified as a fruit acid. D-( —)-(2 S, 35)-2,3-dihydroxy-butanedioic acid 2 (R=H) is often called unnatural , although it does occur in nature as well. It has the same absolute configuration as D-glyceraldehyde. A third form, called meso-tartaric acid, possess an internal plane of symmetry and is thus inherently racemic and unresolvable. The name tartaric acid is derived from Tartarus, and is probably of medieval and alchemical origin. 

The conditions of preparation of catalysts from its precursor Ni-salts affect the crystallite size and crystallite size distribution. Therefore small amounts of the additives, such as, Pt or Pd salts, have a favorable effect during reduction of the catalysts and the process of its formation Orito et al. were first to show that enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of MAA into MHB over Ni catalysts supported on Kieselguhr and modified with (2.R,3.R)-tartaric acid can be increased from 53% to 62% after including in the composition of the catalyst 1% of a noble metal, the best being Pt or Pd. Loading of the metal on Kieselguhr is of importance only the... 

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