Tapping mode AFM height image

Fig. 3.64 Tapping mode AFM height image of KMn04-etched nano-SiC>2/PP Reprinted with permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc. from [136]. Copyright 2001. John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Fig. 3.80 Tapping mode AFM height images (z-scale 300 nm) of (a) untreated LDPE (b) LDPE treated 5 times (c) LDPE treated 50 times (d) LDPE treated 100 times (e) LDPE treated 200 times and (f) LDPE treated 200 times and subsequently rinsed. The scan size was 5x5 pm2. Reproduced with permission from [171]. Copyright 2007. Elsevier...

FIGURE 3.9 Tapping-mode AFM height image (a) and phase image (b) of a CB/NR specimen. The structures indicated by circles are considered to be carbon black filler. 

Fig. 14 Tapping-mode AFM height images of HPG on a SAM of 2.6% -S-(CH2)ioCOOH in a matrix of -S-(CH2>9CH3 for different growth times, (a) Average thickness of HPG film as a function of growth time from AFM (circles and solid line) and ellipsometry (triangles and dashed line), (b) Histogram analysis of the size of HPG molecules on surface for different growth times. Reprinted with permission from [142]. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society...

Fig. 14 Tapping mode AFM height images of PS-ii-PFS block copolymer thin films of different initial thickness A 30 nm, B 35 nm, C 40 nm. Each scan size is 1 xm. The organic matrix phase was selectively removed prior to AFM imaging by means of an O2-RIE treatment. Reprinted with permission from [80]. Copyright 2001, American Chemical Society...

Fig. 16 Tapping mode AFM height image of an etched PI-6-PFS organic-organometallic diblock copolymer film. The dots are a result of the block copolymer phase separation. Reprinted with permission from [7]. Copyright 2000, American Chemical Society...

The particles were studied by AFM to produce a tapping mode AFM height image (80). They are perfectly spherical, with diameters of 6-10 nm. No such particles were observed in a non-crossHnked control sample. 

AFM can even be employed for block copolymers with components that have very similar properties, such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). Both tapping-mode AFM height image and corresponding phase image of a composi-tionally asymmetric PS/PMMA diblock copolymer (70/30) showed a clearly visible hexagonal arrangement of the PMMA cylinders in the PS matrix (Michler 2008). 

Figure 4. Tapping mode AFM height image of Au(l 11) substrate covered with inert octadecanethiol SAM (z-scale from black to white 5,0 nm). (Adapted with permission from reference 14. Copyright 2000 American Chemical Society.)...

Some of the most important data analysis tools are shown for an image of a microphase separated block copolymer film. The tapping mode AFM height data were subjected to a first order planefit to eliminate the effect of sample tilt (Fig. 2.38). 

Fig. 3.21 Tapping mode AFM phase image left) and height image right) of cross-hatched lamellae of iPP in elastomeric polypropylene and isotactic PP, respectively. The angles of 80° agree well with the theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed value [53]. Reproduced with permission from [51]. Copyright 2002. American Chemical Society, and [54]...

Furthermore, height anomalies have been found in the measuronent of the size of biomolecules using tapping mode AFM. When images are obtained in air, the adhesive and capillary forces, due to the presence of a water layer on the surface. 

FIGURE 21.20 Tapping-mode atomic force microscopic (AFM) height image left) and phase image right) of NRIO sample. The stmctures indicated hy circles are considered to he carhon hlack (CB) fillers. 

Fig. 26 Tapping-mode AFM images of fibrils on mica left) and corresponding height profiles (across the white lines in the AFM images) right), (a) PEG-[(AG)3EG]io-PEG, (b) PEG-[(AG)3EG]2o-PEG. (c) Proposed (3-sheet fibril packing. Reproduced with permission from Smeenk et al. [69]. Copyright Wiley-VCH...

Providing a flat surface can be achieved, tapping mode AFM topological and phase imaging can be used to investigate HPAM adsorption and mineral surfaces. Information on the film height, the strength of interaction between polymer-mineral surface and an indication of the adsorption process may be obtained. HPAM adsorption on kaolinite was observed to form a flat uniform layer... 

FIG. 3. (a) Tapping mode AFM image of a y-Fe203 nanopattem, (b) the corresponding MFM image at a lift height of 5 nm and (c) plot of the phase shift vs the lift height. 

Figure 8.3 Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) height image of dodecanethiol (DT) ODA-SWNTs/SIS composite film. The arrow serves to indicate the nanotube location. Scale bar, 500 nm. Reproduced with permission from Peponi et alP ...

Figure 64 Height images obtained by tapping-mode AFM on PFO-DBT/[60]PCBM blend films spin coated from solutions in (a) pure chloroform (b) chloroform-chlorobenzene 40 1 v/v mixture (c) chloroform-toluene mixture and (d) chloroform-xylene mixture. The height scale is 15nm for all images. (Reproduced from Ref. 186. Wiley-VCH, 2006.)...

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