Tapered cell method

First, some ordered structure of mono-dispersed polystyrene microspheres (PSMSs) is demonstrated on a lithographically patterned substrate by means of the tapered cell method [59], Next, we encapsulate poly(DCHD) NCs, that is poly(DCHD) core, with polystyrene (PS) shell by seed-emulsion polymerization method, and encapsulated poly(DCHD) core will also be arrayed on a patterned substrate [61]. 

Lithographically Patterned Substrate and Tapered Cell Method... 

Figure 26 illustrates the set-up and schematic procedures of the tapered cell method [140, 141], where a cover glass was slightly tilted (angle = 1-2°) on the patterned Si substrate. An aqueous dispersion liquid of polymer colloidal particles... 

Anyway, the encapsulated CdS or ZnS MPs are clearly spherical, and the size is almost uniform. So it was also possible to arrange these MPs easily on the patterned substrate by means of the tapered cell method. Figure 34 exhibits the SEM images of hexagonally ordered array structure in PS-encapsulated CdS and/or ZnS MPs, which occupied only pits on the patterned substrate within the SEM observation [149], However, the total area of ordered array structure was unfortunately not so... 

We have similarly attempted to arrange PS-encapsulated poly(DCHD) NCs on a patterned substrate by means of the tapered cell method [61]. As shown in Fig. 39, it has become apparent that the concentration of PS-encapsulated poly(DCHD) NCs dispersion liquid should be optimized. In the present case, all the dimples were occupied at 0.61 wt% [61], The proper concentration is influenced by the number density of the dimples as well as preparation conditions such as temperature, humidity, and the affinity between encapsulated NC and substrate. 

Moreover, the repeated tapered cell method was performed successfully to construct a heterogeneously ordered array structure as shown in Fig.40a [61]. 

Fig. 39 SEM images of poly(St-co-HSt)-encapsulated poly(DCHD) NCs on a hexagonally patterned substrate using the tapered cell method (a) 0.15, (b) 0.31, (e) 0.61, and (d) 0.90 wt%...

It became possible to array and arrange selectively non-spherical and irregularshaped polymer NCs by encapsulation on a patterned substrate using the tapered cell method. In addition, this repeated procedures may produce a heterogeneously ordered array structure composed of encapsulated NCs and/or MPs having different optoelectronic, photonic, and magnetic properties, which may lead to integrated device application such as functional photonic crystals and super-lattice structure [61]. 

Fig. A 1.2 (a) Pulse charge and OCV sensing of a RENEWAL rechargeable alkaline manganese cell, (b) Typical current and voltage profiles during charging of an AA sized RENEWAL rechargeable alkaline manganese cell using the pulse taper charge method. (By permission of Rayovac.)...

Irradiations were carried out at the 60Co-gamma facility at Riso (2) and at the 10 Mev. linear electron accelerator at Riso (I). All solutions were irradiated in 5 cc. borosilicate glass cells, fitted with 5/20 standard taper joints. The method of evacuation, saturation, and filling is being described elsewhere by Sehested et al. (7). 

Fig. 4.6 Methods of improving mass transport in vertical plite-iiHtafik ele rowiiifting cells, (a) Tapered anode with mass transport improved by oxygen evolution at th anode (cathodic hydrogen evolution may also enhance mass transport), (b) Air-sparging (electrolyte jetting may algo be used electrolyte outlet is not shown.)...

One cannot overemphasize the importance of using a high-purity molten salt solvent for electroanalytical measurements. The method of purification differs from one molten salt solvent system to another and will be discussed briefly for each melt system however, removal of water without hydrolysis is commonly an important consideration. Clearly the exposure of the melt to the atmosphere must be avoided in this respect the use of sealed cells is safer than the use of cells containing ball or standard taper joints, gaskets, or flanges. If a cover gas (commonly argon or helium) is to be used, it should be of the highest purity available. 

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