TANKDIS - Ladle Discharge Problem

The discharge of molten steel from a ladle into a vacuum degassing chamber has been treated by Szekely and Themelis (1971). The transfer is effected via a discharge nozzle, in which the effects of both friction and wear can be important. 

For the cylindrical tank geometry the mass as a function of head is 

Neglecting acceleration effects in the metal, the energy balance equation is given by 

5 Simulation Tools and Examples of Chemical Engineering Processes 

The friction factor, f, depends on the relative surface roughness of the nozzle (e) and the Reynolds number (Re) where 

A constant value of the friction factor f = 0.009 is assumed, for fully developed turbulent flow and a relative pipe roughness e = 0.01. The assumed constancy of f, however, depends upon the magnitude of the discharge Reynolds number which is checked during the program. The program also uses the data values given by Szekely and Themelis (1971), but converted to SI. 

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