Tank cleaning operations

Jones, M.R.O., and Bond, J., Electrostatic hazards associated with marine chemical tanker operations Criteria of incendivity in tank cleaning operations, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 62, September 1984. 

Top-entering units can generally be used on all applications. Side-entering units are usually used for low speed, mild blending, and tank cleaning operations. The most efficient mounting is angled off center (AOC). 

Some service companies use robots, cutting wands, and other sophisticated devices to clean tanks completely without sending people inside. These methods are especially valuable when the tank contents are toxic. One such company is Petrochemical Services, Inc., which pioneered the use of robots in tank-cleaning operations. 

In-tank filtration. Steel finishing electroplating and alkaline cleaning operations use in-tank filters to extend process bath life by removing contaminants in the form of suspended solids. Solids are usually disposed of offsite. Devices such as granular activated carbon filters remove dissolved contaminants, such as organic constituents. 

The effluent generated during the production of the resins arises from different operations within the factory. The effluent of the production processes comes mainly from cleaning operations of reactors, storage tanks, filters from the towers of formaldehyde production, and the filters from the reactors. Another source for disposal comprises the spills occurring during the transfer of the resins from the reactors to the storage tanks and from these to the truck used to distribute them to other factories. 

The waste milk in dairy wastewaters mostly comes from start-up and shut-down operations performed in the high-temperature, short-time pasteurization process. This waste is pure milk raw material mixed with water. Another wastewater of the dairy sector originates from equipment and tank-cleaning wastewaters. These waste streams contain waste milk and sanitary cleaners that are the principal waste constituents of dairy wastewater. Over time, milk waste degrades to form corrosive lactic and formic acids. Approximately 90% of a dairy s wastewater load is milk. 

Second, tied to perishability is the question of storage. Storage capacity is often scarce in chemical production facilities, as special equipment (e.g., tanks) is needed, which might additionally be dedicated to a certain set of products. Tanks can only store one single product at each point in time. Furthermore, if a tank needs to be used for another product, cleaning operations are required. 

Suspected land could be past and present industrial sites, dry cleaning operations, waste processing and storage sites, landfill areas, and any land located near gas stations or storage tanks, in addition to residential areas, agricultural lands, parks, and natural areas. 

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