T. Ohashi, and S. Deki

Kobe University, Japan Professor Emeritus of Kobe University Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center, University ofYamanashi, Japan 

On the other hand, there is a great demand for alternative fuel cells operating at moderate temperatures. In this context, intermediate temperature (400-800 °C) fuel cells are very attractive since they combine the advantages of both high- and low-temperature fuel cells such as fast electrode kinetics, fuel flexibility, and fewer degradation problems [7]. Furthermore, the tendency of lower temperatures makes conventional ceramic fuel cells (mainly solid oxide fuel cells SOFCs) a leading candidate for applications such as stationary power plants but also the possibility to replace internal combustion engines in vehicles [8]. Ceramic fuel cells based on ceria-carbonate salt composite electrolytes have been intensively studied for the past decade 

Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology, First Edition. Edited by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and Geir Martin Haarberg. 2014 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 

In this study, the electrical conductivity and Raman spectra of Gd-doped ceria (Ceo.9Gdo.1O1 gsj/molten (Li/Na)2C03 composites were investigated in various gas flows such as COj, Nj, and air. The influence of gas flow and the properties of the solid surface are discussed. 

The measurement procedures of electrical conductivity and Raman spectra were the same as those in a previous study [14]. 

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