Blood pressure systolic and diastolic

The higher category applies, if systolic and diastolic blood pressure values of a patient fall into different categories. 

Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure 1175... 

The selection of blood pressure cuff size based on a patient s arm circumference is crucial for the accurate measurement of blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure tend to increase when the cuff size is too small relative to the patient s arm circumference. This circumstance is important due to the increasing prevalence of obesity in developed nations. Currently, the guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans recommends cuff sizes for small, standard, and large adults with an optimal 2 1 ratio of cuff length/width based on arm circumference.18... 

The relationship of PbB level to systolic and diastolic blood pressure was determined in a study of 89 Boston policemen (race not specified) (Weiss et al. 1986, 1988). These policemen were under observation for health outcomes related to environmental work exposures (i.e., they had traffic exposure histories). After statistically adjusting for previous systolic blood pressure, body mass index, age, and cigarette smoking, high PbB level ( 30 pg/dL) was a significant (p=0.01) predictor of subsequent elevation in systolic blood pressure of 1.5-11 mm Hg in the working policemen with normal blood pressure. Low PbB level (20-29 pg/dL) was not a predictor of subsequent systolic blood pressure elevations. Diastolic pressure was unrelated to PbB levels. 

Simple correlational analysis of the NHANES II data by Harlan (1988) and Harlan et al. (1985) revealed statistically significant associations between PbB levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure for both men and women, aged 12-74 years. Statistical analyses controlling for a number of other potentially confounding factors (e.g., age, race, and body mass index), however, indicated significant associations between PbB level and blood pressure only for the men. Based on these analyses, the effect of PbB concentration on blood pressure was estimated to be an increase in blood pressure of 7 mm Hg at PbB levels between 14 and 30 pg/dL. 

Rat (Sprague-Dawtey) 18 mo 7 d/wk 1x/d (W) Cardio 1.4 M 2.8 M (increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure) Carmignani et al. 1988a PbAc... 

Low-level, chronic-duration exposure of rats to lead (30 ppm lead acetate in the drinking water) for 18 months resulted in a 10-15 mm Hg increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure without any change in heart rate or histopathological evidence of damage to the kidney, heart, brain, aorta, or liver... 

The vasodilating potencies were, to a great extent, modulated within the series. A number of these products have been studied in vivo at the Cassella-Hoechst laboratories [38]. The best product was found to be derivative G95-6527 (44a, R QHs, X=S, n=2, R i =(df 3) when administered i.d. to anesthetised pigs it induced a significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures (Fig. 6.2). The onset of the action was smooth and the maximum effect was reached after 30min and lasted for over 2h. 

The sudden deaths of workers in the explosives industry have been attributed to a series of cardiovascular events that occur after repeated occupational exposures (Carmichael and Lieben 1963). Acute exposures result in a depression of both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Continued exposure to low concentrations of nitrate esters produces a progressive rise in the diastolic blood pressure from the previously depressed level without a comparable rise in the systolic blood pressure. This narrowing of the pulse pressure combined with an increased diastolic pressure and high pulse rate, which occurs following cessation of exposure, may contribute to acute myocardial ischemia. 

As drugs of mixed action, amphetamines activate adrenergic receptors and simultaneously release endogenic catecholamines (norepinephrine and dopamine) from neurons of the brain and periphery. Sympathomimetic effects on the periphery are very similar to those of ephedrine. Amphetamine elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure and has weakly expressed, broncholytic action. These effects are more prolonged, yet less expressed, than with epinephrine. The distinctive feature of amphetamines is their psychostimulatory activity. Larger doses can cause hallucinations and mental conditions similar to paranoid schizophrenia. As a sympathomimetic, amphetamine is sometimes used for uterine inertia. Synonyms of amphetamine are phenamine and benzedrine. 

Pharmacology Amphetamines are sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. CNS effects are mediated by release of norepinephrine from central noradrenergic neurons. Peripheral activities include elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and weak bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant action. Pharmacokinetics ... 

An increase in sympathetic tone constricts blood vessels in most vascular beds and therefore causes a net increase in total peripheral resistance. Increased sympathetic tone increases neural release of norepinephrine and its interaction both with 3-adrenoceptors on cardiac cells and with a-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle cells. As a consequence, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated. It follows that the mean arterial blood pressure must also be increased. 

Ephedrine increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure heart rate is generally not increased. Contractile force of the heart and cardiac output are both increased. Ephedrine produces bronchial smooth muscle relaxation of prolonged duration when administered orally. Aside from pupillary dilation, ephedrine has little effect on the eye. 

Amphetamine is an indirectly acting adrenomimetic amine that depends for its action on the release of norepinephrine from noradrenergic nerves. Its pharmacological effects are similar to those of ephedrine however, its CNS stimulant activity is somewhat greater. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures are increased by oral dosing with amphetamine. The heart rate is frequently slowed reflexively. Cardiac output may remain unchanged in the low- and moderate-dose range. 

In 1964, Calesnick and Calesnlck et al. 5 reported that, when I was injected intravenously into normal male and female volunteers at 15 mg/kg (three subjects), both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were Increased immediately after the end of the infusion (usual duration, 15 min). The hypertension lasted for 1.5-4 h and was accompanied by a slight increase In heart rate. The plasma concentra-... 

When 4 g of III were given by mouth to one subject, there were slight decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure 6 h later. Infusions of III at 15 or 30 mg/kg into one subject produced immediate, brief hypertensive episodes at the end of the infusions, followed by a period of subnormal pressures lasting from about 22 min to more than 363 min after the end of the infusion for the systolic pressure the diastolic pressure did not fall below normal until about 117 min after the end of the Infusion, but was still below normal at 363 min after completion of the Infusion. 

It is a synthetic compound with structural similarity to ephedrine and is available in racemic and dextro isomers. It increases the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Amphetamine is a potent CNS stimulant and causes alertness, insomnia, increased concentration, euphoria or dysphoria and increased work capacity. Amphetamine produces wakefulness and improved physical performance. It contracts the sphincter of the bladder and relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle in large doses. Amphetamines are drugs of abuse and can produce behavioural abnormalities and can precipitate psychosis. It can produce psychological but no physical dependence. 

It competitively blocks P, P and adreno-receptors. It lacks sympathomimetic activity and has vasodilating properties which are exerted mainly through Pj blockade. It reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure without reflex tachycardia. 

It causes coronary vasodilatation and increases coronary blood flow. It reduces the total peripheral vascular resistance and systolic and diastolic blood pressure is reduced. It causes reflex tachycardia. 

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