Systems bottom

Ternary melting diagrams of the KCl - NaF - KiNbFj system (bottom). Reproducedfrom [300], L. A. Kamenskaya, V. I. Konstantinov, A. M. Matveev, Zh. Neorg. Khim. 17 (1972) 2567, Copyright 1972, with permission of Nauka (Russian Academy of Sciences) publishing. 

Fig. 12. On-line enzyme reactor system designs, merging stream system (Top) and immobilized-enzyme reactor system (Bottom). A = mobile phase, B = enzyme solution...

Figure 8 Top Potential energy as a function of position for a one-dimensional system. Bottom Potential-energy contours for an atom moving in two dimensions.

Figure 16. Femtosecond dynamics of addition/cleavage reaction of the cyclobutane-ethylene system. Bottom Experimental observation of the intermediate diradical by mass spectrometry. Top The PES showing the nonconcerted nature of the reaction, together with three snapshots of the structures at to (initial), tj (diradical) and (/ (final). The parent precursor is also shown.

Figure 8-38. Moire patterns from the superposition of two patterns at increasing angles. Top two line systems Bottom two circle systems [54].

FIG. 13-70 Minimum vapor flows in the thermally coupled system bottom curve, minimum vapor flow in prefractionator top curve, minimum vapor flow from the reboiler of the main column (total minimum vapor flow for entire system) for = 6.25, = 2.5, ttc = 1.0 and feed mole fractions % = 0.33, Zb = 0.33, and Zc = 0.34. 

Figure 5 Outline of the total synthesis of cobyric acid (Figure 1) on the way to vitamin B12 top the ETH approach via an A/D ring closure of the corrin ring system bottom the Harvard/ETH approach via an A/B ring closure...

FIGURE 3.6 Schematic illustration of various CMP tool designs including multihead system (left), single head and platen system (center), multitable system (right), built-in single-wafer post-CMP cleaning system (bottom), and a small table and linear belt model (top). 

Figure 6. Dendrite formation. Top Rapid two dimensional crystal growth in halocarbons. Different degrees of supersatnration (or undercooling) lead to fluctuations and limitations in nutrient supply to growing faces. Center Wulff plots with orientation appropriate for each type of deiidrite. Bottom left three dimensional Wulff plot for this system. Bottom right diagram of dendrite head structure showing eqtrihbrium face and fluctrrations in growth rate. From www.gps.jussieu.fr/engl/cell.htm.

Fig. 17 Showing the behavior of downhill trajectories running for 200 fs on the GS EYB surface for the DhlA system (bottom) and the water reference system (top). The figure shows the trajectories separated into solvent and intra-molecular solute components. The time reversal of these trajectories corresponds to the actual reactive trajectories.

Fig. 14.16 The modular hardware (top) and layered software structure for controlling the electrochemical robotic system (bottom) (Reused with permission from Erichsen et al. Copyright 2005, American Institute of Physics.)...

Figure 1.17 The resonance forms and pi overlap of an unconjugated system (top) and a conjugated system (bottom) of a carbon-carbon pi bond and a carbon-oxygen pi bond.

Figure 4.2 Low-pressure gradient system (top) and high-pressure system (bottom).

Fig. 16. The H DQ sideband patterns arising from RE in a DQ-SQ correlation experiment for the aliphatic CH2 ll in the hexabenzocoronene shown (R = CD2(CH2)ioCH3).23 Shown alongside are the simulated sideband patterns assuming a static system (top) and half the dipolar coupling strength of the static system (bottom). Note that the simulated sideband patterns only show odd-order sidebands, which is expected from theory.23 That the experimental sideband pattern also contains weak even-order sideband patterns is a sign of the breakdown of the spin pair approximation.

Figure 3-3. Typical targeting system (top)[38, reprinted with permission, 1987 American Chemical Society] and irradiation cell for pulse radiolysis system (bottom)[39, reprinted with permission, 1977 Radiation Research Society] (Q quartz cell body B BNC connector, P paraffin gasket M mica window E electrical tape gasket. A aluminum frame S standard taper joint).

Fig. 4. Illustrations of the maximum possible transfer efficiency relative to the efficiency predicted by entropy bound, fl " (/V)/VN, for the polarization transfer from /-spins to 5-spins in l S systems (top, adapted from Sorensen with permission) and /vS f systems (bottom, adapted from Levitt with permission).

XPS CIs shake-up spectra of the AI/DP7 interface for increasing Al coverage, from the pristine system (bottom curve) to approximately five monolayers (top spectnim). 

Fig. 5.10 Top Temperature dependence of zT for type-I and type-in clatrhates in the Si-P-Te system bottom zT as a function of indium content X for Sn24- c-aIn S22-j.l8 at 300 K...

BN-600 reactor central hall (on the top-secondary pump electrical systems, bottom-reactor). 

A pilot unit includes feed section, preheat system, distillation column, overhead system, bottom system, and product storage. The feed system is composed of a variety of equipment systems, including feed tank, valves, piping, instruments, and pumps. Before feed can be sent to the distillation column, it needs to be preheated using a heat exchanger. 

Fig. 9.4 Contribution of components to total stack costs, taking the cost estimate from Tiax [13], Top figure cost breakdown of an 80 kW system bottom figure cost breakdown of an 86 kW PEMFC stack. Note that an additional 6 kW is necessary to power balance of system components...

Figure 1. Configuration of the elastic bearing system. Bottom surface moves at a constant speed. Lubricant is swept into the gap. Elastic deformation occurs due to the hydrodynamic pressure rubber side walls are traction-free. Top surface cannot deform due to the rigid backing.

Figure 735 Two naming conventions used for the cannabinols. The top frame shows the dibenzofuran-diben-zopyran method that is more common in forensic usages, although the monoterpenoid system (bottom frame) is also encountered. A -THC in the dibenzofuran method is the equivalent of A -THC in the monoterpenoid system, which is based on a skeleton of 10 carbon atoms as shown. 

Figure 7 Model calculations of reflectivities (left column), the Fourier backtransformation using Eq, 2 (center column) and the density profiles (right column). Top row monolayer system. Bottom row low density contrast (10%) bilayer.

Figure 7.14 Formation and dissociation of the excited benzene-iodine charge-transfer complex. Top Transient of free iodine atoms following the excitation of the Bz-l2 complex to its charge-transfer state. (The full line is a single exponential convoluted with the response time of the detector system.) Bottom The four panels (a), (b), (c) and (d) illustrates a possible series of structural changes see text...

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