Syrup production

White, J.S. (1992) Fructose syrup Production, properties, and applications. In Starch hydrolysis products, edited by F.W. Schenck and R.E.Hebeda, pp. 177-199. New York VCH. 

P-D-glucose [28905-12-6] (2). Syrup products are produced that contain from 95 to over 99% dextrose. 

Dual Enzyme Processes. In some cases, especially in syrup production in Europe, a liquefaction process is used that incorporates both a thermostable enzyme and a high temperature heat treatment. This type of process provides better hydrolyzate filterability than that attained in an acid liquefaction process (9). Consequendy, dual-enzyme processes were developed that utilized multiple additions of either B. licheniformis or B. stearothermophilus a-amylase and a heat treatment step (see Fig. 1). 

Glucose/com syrups may be manufactured by either an acid or an acid-enzyme process. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis was the traditional method of corn syrup production and is still the most common method for producing sweeteners up to about 42 DE. Since acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of sweeteners to 55 DE or above creates products of reversion, such as gentiobiose, isomaltose and trehalose, which give unacceptable flavors to the syrup, these syrups are usually made by acid-enzyme processes.18... 

Maple Syrup—Production, Composition, Chemistry, and Sensory Characteristics... 

Favreau, D., Sosle, V., and Raghavan, G. S. (2001). Microwave processing of maple sap to maple syrup and maple syrup products. ]. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy 36, 25-35. 

Bajpai, P.K. and Bajpai, P., Cultivation and utilization of Jerusalem artichoke for ethanol, single cell protein, and high-fructose syrup production, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 13, 359-362, 1991. 

Sequential enzymatic treatment (corn syrup production)... 

The properties and subsequently the applications of the resulting corn syrup products, were dependent upon the extent of hydrolysis. The extent of hydrolysis in corn syrup is expressed in dextrose equivalents (DE) which is the percentage of glucosidic bonds hydrolyzed with native starch being 0 and pure glucose being 100. The DE of acid-catalyzed corn syrups depend only upon the time of reaction. All acid-catalyzed syrup at any single DE level will always have the same dextrin profile. 

Glucose Isomerase. The biggest success story in the enzyme industry has to be glucose isomerase. The very first report of an enzyme that converts glucose to fructose was in 1957 (10). In less than 20 years the enzyme was studied, tailored into a cost effective immobilized form and put into production to make a commodity corn syrup product. In less than 30 years from its first description, it became the largest commercially used immobilized enzyme and responsible for making one of the world s major sweeteners. Since... 

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