Synthesis electrochromic devices

Since mesoporous materials contain pores from 2 nm upwards, these materials are not restricted to the catalysis of small molecules only, as is the case for zeolites. Therefore, mesoporous materials have great potential in catalytic/separation technology applications in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The first mesoporous materials were pure silicates and aluminosilicates. More recently, the addition of key metallic or molecular species into or onto the siliceous mesoporous framework, and the synthesis of various other mesoporous transition metal oxide materials, has extended their applications to very diverse areas of technology. Potential uses for mesoporous smart materials in sensors, solar cells, nanoelectrodes, optical devices, batteries, fuel cells and electrochromic devices, amongst other applications, have been suggested in the literature.11 51... 

S.I. Cho, R. Xiao, and S.B. Lee, Electrochemical synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanotubes towards fast window-type electrochromic devices. Nanotechnology 18, 405705 (2007). 

Differendy linked carbazole derivatives possessing selenophene and pyrene (the latter not covered in this review) moieties were electropoly-merized (14EA430). The electropolymerized polymers displayed unusual properties upon electrochemical doping suggesting their potential use as electroactive layers in electrochromic devices. A typical synthesis of 2,7-diselenophenylcarbazole is shown below. 

Ferraris, J.P, C. Henderson, D. Torres, and D. Meeker. 1995. Synthesis, spectroelectrochemistry and application in electrochromic devices of an n- and p-dopable conducting polymer. Synth Met 72 147-152. 

Poly (thiophene)s are of particular interest as electfochromic materials owing to their chemical stability, ease of synthesis and processability. For the most part, current research has been focused on composites, blends and copolymer formations of several conjugated polyheterocyclics, polythiophene and its derivatives, especially PEIX)T. In one example, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonate) (PAMPS) composite films were prepared by Sonmez et al. for alternative electrochromic applications [50]. Thin composite films comprised of PEDOT/PAMPS were reported to switch rapidly between oxidized and neufial states, in less than 0.4 s, with an initial optical contrast of 76% at A.max. 615 nm. Nanostructured blends of electrochromic polymers such as polypyrrole and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) were developed via self-assembly by Inganas etal. for application as an electrochromic window [26]. Uniir etal. developed a graft-type electrochromic copolymer of polythiophene and polytetrahydrofuran for use in elecfiochromic devices [51]. Two EDOT-based copolymers, poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-aZ/-(2,5-dioctyloxyphenylene)] and poly[(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-aft-(9,9 -dioctylfluorene)] were developed by Aubert et al. as other candidates for electrochromic device development [52],... 

Since the first reports that alkali metal salts could be dissolved in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG) (5-7) much progress has been made in the synthesis of polymer electrolytes (8). The main role of an electrolyte in electrochromic devices is to allow... 

Abstract The main methodologies for the synthesis of fused thiophenes (thienothiophenes, dithienothiophenes, and thienoacenes) and some of their oligomers and polymers are described. Such compounds are particularly important in materials chemistry. They have applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), (dye-sensitized) solar cells, and electrochromic devices (ECDs). 

Passerini S., Scrosati B., Gorenstein A. The intercalation of lithium in nickel oxide and its electrochromic properties. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990 137(10) 3297-3300 Pawlicka A., Atik A., Aegerter M.A. Synthesis of multicolor Nb20s thin films for electrochromic devices. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1995 14 1568-1570 Pawlicka A., Atik A., Aegerter M.A. Synthesis of multicolor Nb20s coatings for electrochromic devices. Thin Solid Films 1997 301 236-241... 

Table 7 is the list of electrode materials, composition and methods of synthesis for electrochromic devices. 

M.A. (1997) Synthesis of multicolor Nb20s coatings for electrochromic devices. Thin Solid Films, 301, 236-241. 

YANG, D., FU, X., JIANG, Q., GONG, Y., Synthesis of polymer electrolyte based on P(VAc-MA)/PMMA and its application in electrochromic devices. Chemical J. Chinese Universities (in Chinese), 2007,28(9), 1781-6. 

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