Syntheses in Organic Solvent

Isolation of the nanoparticles is typically done by adding a non-solvent, for example absolute ethanol, to the cooled reaction mixture, thus precipitating the nanoparticles, which can then be collected by centrifuge and subsequently washed to remove excess oleic acid and/or oleyl amine and other contaminants. 

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In summary, nanometer-sized mesoporous silica and alumina spheres with tunable diameters (80 - 900 nm) can be synthesized in organic solvent. Mesoporous silica spheres templated by cationic surfactant (CTAB) have hexagonal array with monodispersed pore size (-2.4 nm), high surface areas (-1020 m2/g), and pore volume (1.02 cm3/g). Mesoporous alumina spheres templated by amphiphilic triblock copolymer show a large disordered mesopore (10.0 nm) and high BET surface area (360 m2/g). 

Utilization in Aqueous Environment of MIPs Synthesized in Organic Solvents... 

As mentioned above, most MIPs are synthesized in organic solvents to preserve the hydrogen and electrostatic interactions between template and monomer. However, for the application to solid-phase extraction (SPE) where the target is most of the time in water samples or in biological fluids, a lot of studies have been carried out to examine the influence of binding media parameters (solvent polarity and composition, buffer pH, concentration, ionic strength, etc.) with the aim of attenuating non-specific adsorption of the analyte due to hydrophobic interactions which predominate in such media. For a recent review, see Tse Sum Bui and Haupt [95]. 

Recent progress was made in the incorporation of o-amino acids in peptides via subdlisin-mediated syntheses in organic solvents or in the application of the nonproteolytic lipases in anhydrous organic solvents. 

A long list of oxides was prepared sonochemically. Almost all the above-mentioned oxides were synthesized in organic solvents. The other oxides that will be discussed from here on were all prepared in aqueous solutions. Submicron size spheres of silica and alumina prepared by well-known methods were coated sonochemically by nanoparticles of oxides of europium and terbium using the same concentration of ions [81]. We have also used sonochemistry to prepare nanoparticles of silica and alumina doped with the same rare-earth ions for comparison. The highest luminescence intensities were observed for europium and terbium doped in nanoparticles of alumina of dimension 20-30 run. The intensities are comparable or higher than in commercial phosphors. 

Prior studies demonstrated that the properties of chemically synthesized polyaniline could be modified by the type of synthesis -electrochemical, chemical, or potential cycling methods (1-5). In addition the optical properties of polyaniline could be controlled by the substituents on the nitrogen or aromatic ring (6,7). Enzyme-catal5rzed polymer syntheses in organic solvents with different amounts of water were described in earlier publications (7-10), and nonlinear optical properties of some of these pol5miers were reported (11). This paper describes the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of polyaniline and the evaluation of its optical properties to determine differences, if any, between this polyaniline and those chemically synthesized. 

Table 1 lists the x values of monomers (aniline and para-phenyl-phenol), their polymers and copolymers. Polyaniline and copolymers of polyaniline were enz3rmatically synthesized in organic solvents DMF and dioxane with buffer (HEPES) at different ratios from 40 60 to 85 15. 

For bioappUcations, UCN should be hydrophilic, biocompatible and should possess functional groups to facilitate covalent bioconjugations [30]. Most of UCN are synthesized in organic solvents [5,41,42] or at high temperatures [30,33]. Organic surfactants such as cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or ethylenediamine tetra acetic add (EDTA) are often used as ligands to control the particle growth and... 

Ceria nanoparticles can also be synthesized in organic solvents. Yan and co-workers used cerium alkoxide as a precursor to be decomposed in a high-boiling solvent (tri-n-octylphosphine oxide and dioctyl ether). The structure of the final product can be tuned by changing reaction conditions such as temperature and the concentration of the precursors. 

Some niche syntheses of sol-gel-based Ti02 involve also hydrothermal or colloidal syntheses in organic solvents. For example. Moos and coworkers reported on the synthesis of Ti02 NPs, first preparing a conventional sol-gel solution (Ti... 

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