Synergic extraction rate

When an auxiliary ligand is added to a chelate extraction system and it enhances the extractability and extraction rates, such a phenomenon is termed synergism. A typical... 

Only case (2) can provide a comparison between conventional and micellar extraction. The few comparisons reported in the literature on the metal extraction performance of microemulsions containing an extractant with that of the extractant on its own are, at first sight, contradictory. In some cases microemulsions produce both synergism and extraction rate enhancement with respect to the single surfactant, whereas in others they... 

A typical kinetic synergism has been observed for the catalytic effect of iV,iV-dimethyl-4-(2-pyridylazo)aniline (PADA) on the extraction of Ni(pan)2 [72], The extraction rate of Ni(pan)2 into toluene is very slow even under an HSS condition. Whereas, the addition of PADA at the diluted concentration as 10-5M can accelerate the extraction rate about 10 times. The observed extracted species was only Ni(pan)2 and no net consumption of PADA was observed after the extraction, while a significant interfacial adsorption of PADA was observed during the extraction under the HSS condition as shown in Fig. 19. These results were analyzed by the mechanism of the interfacial ligand-substitution reaction ... 

Cd) from nonpolluted soils has also been investigated thoroughly, and pH-DOC synergic effects have been identified for some elements under certain scenarios (Strobel et al., 2001). Stirred-flow cells have also been presented as a promising vehicle to assess the metal readsorption phenomenon in the various steps of SEPs, the extent of which was found to be influenced by the element itself, the organic matter content of the sample, the extracting flow rate, and the metal concentration level (Chomchoei et al., 2002). 

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