Syndrome midbrain

Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-indueed parkinsonian syndrome in Macaca fascicularis Which midbrain dopaminergic neurons are lost Neuroscience 24 161-174, 1988. 

The toxicity of C60 has been found to be related to its ability to cause oxidative stress (Oberdorster, 2004 and Sayes et al., 2005, 2007). However, literature describing the toxicity of C60 is contradictoiy. The first report on C60 cytotoxicity originated from Tsuchiya et al. who found that C60 inhibited cell proliferation and differentiation dose-dependently in mouse midbrain cells treated at -400 pg/ml for six days. Tsuchiya et al. proposed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributed to C60 cytotoxicity. The ROS generation and embryo head abnormalities suggested that C60 may contribute to brain and neuronal diseases such as Down syndrome, Alzheimer s, and Parkinson s disease (Tsuchaiya, 1996). The research that... 

Bogousslavsky J, Maeder P, Regli F et al (1994) Pure midbrain infarction clinical syndromes, MRI, and etiologic patterns. Neurology 44 2032-2040... 

Multiple sites in the CNS are affected by LSD. The drug shows serotonin (5-HT) agonist activity at presynaptic receptors in the midbrain, binding to both 5-HT and 5-HT2 receptors. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system occurs, which causes pupillary dilation, increased blood pressure, piloerection, and increased body temperature. Taken orally, low doses of LSD can induce hallucinations with brilliant colors, and mood alteration occurs. Tolerance and physical dependence have occurred, but true dependence is rare. Adverse effects include hyperreflexia, nausea, and muscular weakness. Sometimes high doses produce long-lasting psychotic changes in susceptible individuals. Haloperidol (see p. 127) and other neuroleptics can block the hallucinatory action of LSD and quickly abort the syndrome. 

Dorsal midbrain Lost light reaction, dilated pupils Yes No Normal Intact Yes Reduced Parinaud s syndrome or dorsal midbrain syndrome... 

Rostral midbrain Miosis, distorted with no light responses Yes No Normal Intact No Intact Argyll Robertson s syndrome... 

The lesions of the nervous system start in the cortex and progressively invade the midbrain and the medulla. The first symptoms are paresthesias, pain in the back, vertigo, headaches, general fatigue, and sensorial perversion associated with depression, melancholy, and suicidal tendencies. These symptoms may develop into a more characteristic psychiatric syndrome, with hallucinations, schizophrenia, and maniac dementia. At autopsy, the brain reveals edema, congestion of the cortex, and loss of ganglion cells. The neurons show chromatolysis. 

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