Synchrotron Linac

The electron accelerators can operate several ways. The acceleration requires a force provided by an electric field, which can be a continuous electrostatic potential (e.g.. Van de Graaff) or oscillation in time and space as produced by radio frequency, microwave or laser radiation (e.g.. Synchrotron, LINAC). Most of these methods use heated cathode to get the acceleration of electrons, usually from an electrostatically (about 10 keV) pre-accelerated source. These accelerators can provide from several hundred keV to several hundred MeV energy electrons (Synchrotron accelerators can produce electrons even with GeV energy). 

S. M. Gruner and D. H. Bilderback, Energy recovery linacs as synchrotron light sources. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect A 500(1-3), 25-32 (2003). 

The linacs and synchrotrons described thus far are for use with fixed targets. The advantages of colliding-particle machines will be described shordy. What, then, are the reasons for continuing to bombard fixed targets The fixed-target configuration provides the creation of a variety of... 

Fig. 5. An early fixed-target accelerator comprised of a laige main-ring synchrotron with four stages of acceleration (MRA) a booster synchrotron a linear accelerator (linac), and a Cockcroft-Walton generator. Pistons aie accelerated to 0, 5 MeV in the Cockcroft-Walton generator to 300 MeV in the linac to 8 GeV in the booster synchrotron, and to 400-500 GeV in the mam-ring synchrotron. Experiments are not limited to accelerated protons, but also can be conducted with beams of secondary particles (mesons and neutrinos) which are knocked out of the target by impacting protons...

REX-ISOLDE Large Synchrotron/1+// EBIS/LINAC TF Europe (CERN)... 

Describe the duty cycle of a typical Van de Graaff accelerator, a linac, and a synchrotron. 

In modem machines, protons, deuterons and a particles with energies of several 100 MeV up to about 1 GeV are available. Proton linacs serve frequently as injectors of 50 to 200 MeV protons into proton synchrotrons. For the production of radionuclides, relatively small cyclotrons are used by which particle energies of the order of 10 to 30 MeV and ion currents of the order of 100 pA are available. Radionuclides obtained by reactions with protons exhibit decay or electron capture (s). 

The first experiments with the TOF method were accomplished on stationary reactors, obtaining a pulsed neutron beam by mechanical choppers. The real potential of the method was realized after the building of pulsed neutron sources, such as pulsed reactors, electron linear accelerators and proton synchrotrons - spallation sources. In electron linear accelerators (LINAC) and proton synchrotrons, targets from 239 j heavy atoms are used. Slowing-... 

FIGURE 11 The average brilliance predicted for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and TESLA Test Facility (TTF) free-electron laser (FEL) facilities in comparison with present-day synchrotron light sources. APS, ESRF, ALS, SBLC. 

Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were carried out at 4C2 SAXS beamline in Pohang Light Source (PLS), which consisted of 2 GeV LINAC accelerator, storage ring, Si(lll) double crystal monochromator, ion chambers, and one-dimensional position sensitive detector with 2048 pixels. The... 

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