Symbols Used in Sections

Energies of E and P terms (baricenters in the case of complexed ions) Slater parameters of interelectronic repulsion B = F — SF y C = oscillator strength K3 stability constants 

We are grateful to the pioneers in this field, Dr. D. M. Gruen and Dr. G. P. Smith, for inspiration and useful discussions to the authors and publishers of several books and articles for permission to reproduce figures to the Science Research Council (Great Britain) and the National Research Council of Canada for support of our own researches, and to the University of Saskatchewan for a grant to cover publication expenses  

Molten Salts Handbook, Academic Press, New York (1967). 

in Molten Salt Chemistry (M. Blander, ed.), Wiley—Interscience, New York (1964). 

Cotton and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley— Interscience, New York (1966). 

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The symbols used in Section 1.5 to describe the evolution of element i concentration in the solid and the liquid during fractional crystallization will be kept. Other parameters used in the present derivation are almost identical to those of DePaolo (1981) although reference to time, which is immaterial to the mass balance and equilibrium conditions, has been omitted. Let a be the subscript representing the assimilated material, and assume that country-rocks concentration Cj is constant. Mass balance requires... 

In Flory s treatment the term (ry /M is rearranged into where (rl) refers to the ideal, unperturbed state. The expansion factor a (not to be confused with the same symbol used in Section III, A) is defined as which reduces to unity in an ideal solvent or, in Flory s... 

The recovery of an analyte in an assay is defined by the FDA in a strictly operational way as the detector response obtained Ifom an amount of the analyte added to and extracted from the biological matrix, compared to the detector response obtained for the true concentration of the pure authentic standard. Recovery pertains to the extraction efficiency of an analytical method within the limits of variability. Recovery of the analyte need not be 100 %, but the extent of recovery of an analyte and of the internal standard should be consistent, precise, and reproducible. Recovery experiments should be performed by comparing the analytical results for extracted samples at three concentrations (low, medium, and high) with unextracted standards that represent 100 % recovery (FDA 2001). In terms of the symbols used in Section 8.4, the recovery is thus defined as the ratio (R /R"), and is equivalent to determination of F provided diat no suppression or enhancement effects give rise to differences between R and R" and that the proportional systematic errors and 1 are negligible. The FDA definition of recovery also corresponds to that of the PE ( process efficiency ) parameter (Matuszewski 2003) discussed in Section 5.3.6a, since the former (FDA 2001) measures a combination of extraction efficiency and matrix effects (if any). 

In this listing, symbols used in this section are defined in a general way and appropriate SI units are given. Specific definitions, as denoted hy subscripts, are stated at the place of application in the section. Some specialized symbols used in the section are defined only at the place of application. Some symbols have more than one definition the appropriate one is identified at the place of application. 

It is clear that the analogy between these statements and the corresponding ones of Section 8.6 permits us at once to take over the results of Sections 8.7 and 8.8 by a mere reinterpretation of the symbols. Thus, the analogs of Eq. (8-50) can be derived by steps identical to those used in Section 8.7 ... 

We can extend the Lewis symbols introduced in Section 2.2 to describe covalent bonding by using a line (—) to represent a shared pair of electrons. For example, the hydrogen molecule formed when two H- atoms share an electron pair (H=H) is represented by the symbol H—H. A fluorine atom has seven valence electrons and needs one more to complete its octet. It can achieve an octet by accepting a share in an electron supplied by another atom, such as another fluorine atom ... 

We now use the symbol Sr for the relative dielectric constant instead of the symbol e that we used in Sections 4.2 and 4.3. In fact, the actual symbol is Sr but, in the previous sections mentioned, we considered s for the sake of simplicity in the different formulas. 

Some of the symbols used in this section are defined in Table 1. 

This chapter describes basic physico-chemical relations between the gas phase transport of atoms and molecules and their thermochemical properties, which are related to the adsorption-desorption equilibrium. These methods can either be used to predict the behavior of the adsorbates in the chromatographic processes, in order to design experiments, or to characterize the absorbate from its experimentally observed behavior in a process. While Part I of this chapter is devoted to basic principles of the process, the derivation of thermochemical data is discussed in Part n. Symbols used in the following sections of Part I are described in Section 5. For results, which were obtained applying the described evaluation methods in gas-adsorption chromatography, see Chapters 4 and 7 of this book. 

Using the symbols introduced in Section 1.1, an expression for rrLV can be derived from the regular solution model (Guggenheim 1945) ... 

Symbols, introduced in Section 1.4, are used to represent the elements. The periodic table, introduced in Section 1.5, groups together elements with similar properties. Chemical symbols and the periodic table are both designed to decrease the effort required to learn a great deal of chemistry. Section 1.6 presents scientific laws, hypotheses, and theories that generalize and explain natural phenomena. 

There is a Nomenclature section on p. 286 which defines the major symbols used in this chapter. 

Note The prime symbol,is used here and in the following sections to denote a rate constant written for a reverse elementary reaction. The same symbol is used in Section 13.10 to denote a rate constant for the same reaction (elementary or otherwise) measured at a different temperature. Do not confuse these two very different meanings. 

Symbol used in some chemical names, indicating that the next section of the name refers to a chemical group attached to a nitrogen atom the bond to the nitrogen atom... 

We use the same symbol as in Section IX.D, but this should not lead to confusion.) Now, however, since F(12)=F(12, t=0) is arbitrary rather than an equilibrium distribution function, it is no longer true that F(12) = 0. Thus using projection operator methods on the Laplace transform of (11.1), we find... 

In formal kinetics the symbols A, B,... are used for the reactants. The symbol E is used to represent absorbance in this book. Napierian units are used in this chapter (see Section 1.4.3). In Chapters 4 and 5 decadic units are used for convenience and the decadic molar absorption coefficient is indicated by B as used in Section 1.4.4. 

The procedure described in Section 3.8.4 is illustrated using the determination of p,p -DDE in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. This example shows how the sample and calibration solutions may be prepared so that the natural and isotopically labelled analogue concentrations and their isotope amount ratios are as close to being identical as possible. Additionally, to obtain high accuracy the measured isotopic ion abundance ratios should be as close to unity as possible. For the highest accuracy to be achieved, all solutions should be prepared gravimetrically except where identified below. Conventional volumetric techniques will limit the accuracy attainable by this IDMS method. The symbols used in this example should be read in conjunction with Equation 11 (Annex 3) which was used for the calculation of results. 

Symbols are listed in alphabetical order by the section of the chapter in which they appear. Only symbols which have not been previously listed or which are used in a different sense from previous listings are included for each section. Symbols used in equations for simplification of the form are generally defined immediately thereafter and are not listed in the Notation section found at the end of each chapter. 

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