Symbols Used in Chemical Equations

Several symbols are used in chemical equations. The two sides of the equation may be separated by an arrow, or a double arrow, The double arrow denotes a reversible reaction, that is, one that can go in either direction. The physical state (see Section 2.5) of a reaction component is indicated by letters in parentheses immediately following the formula. Thus, (5) stands for a solid, (/) for a liquid, (g) for a gas, and cuf) for a substance dissolved in aqueous (water) solution. An arrow pointing up, t, immediately after the formula of a product indicates that the product 

This reaction shows that solid calcium carbonate reacts with a heated solution of sulfuric acid dissolved in water to form solid calcium sulfate, carbon dioxide gas, and liquid water. 

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State symbols Symbols used in chemical equations to denote whether a reactant or product is a solid (s), a liquid (I), a gas (g), or an ion in aqueous solution (aq). 

Write the symbols used in chemical equations to describe solid, liquid, gas, and aqueous. 

The (g) indicates that these substances are gases in the reaction. Table 3.6 summarizes the common states of reactants and products and their symbols used in chemical equations. 

Table 8-1 Symbols Commonly Used in Chemical Equations...

A chemical equation is a way to represent, in symbols, a chemical reaction. By using combinations of symbols to represent chemicals and processes, you can express in a universal language the events in a chemical reaction. Before reviewing the different types of reactions, it will be helpful to review some of the symbols that are used in chemical equations. 

Symbols are used in chemical equations to identify the physical states of substances and the physical conditions during a chemical reaction. 

The reader is assumed to know the principles of chemical thermodynamics, and how to use thermodynamic tables. The present nomenclature in thermochemistry based on the recent lUPAC recommendations [5] is different from that used in older publications, but the symbols used in mathematical equations remain unchanged. A chemical reaction... 

Figure 1.5 above summarizes the symbols commonly used in chemical equations. As you can see, some things can be shown in different ways. For example, sometimes a gaseous product is indicated by an arrow pointing upward, , instead of (g). A downward arrow, J., is often used to show the formation of a precipitate during a reaction in solution. 

O reversible reaction a chemical reaction which can go both forwards and backwards the symbol 7= is used in the equation for the reaction... 

Write the symbol used in a chemical equation to represent each of the following ... 

The hydronium ion is a hydrated hydrogen ion, which means that a water molecule is attached to a hydrogen ion by a covalent bond. However, the symbols H+ and H3O+ can be used interchangeably in chemical equations to represent a hydrogen ion in aqueous solution. Thus, a simplified version of the equation for the self-ionization of water is... 

In Chapter 5 we will go over chemical formulas, which are really the words that make up the language of chemistry. The elemental symbols, which are shown on the Periodic Table of Elements, are the letters that make up the (words) chemical formulas. Chemical formulas combine in chemical equations to form the sentences in the language of chemistry. Before you can be expected to correctly write the chemical equations (sentences) or the chemical formulas (words), you must make sure that you are using the elemental symbols (letters) correctly. 

Having classified the elements according to their ground-state electron configurations, we can now look at the way chemists represent metals, metalloids, and nonmetals as free elements in chemical equations. Because metals do not exist in discrete molecular units, we always use their empirical formulas in chemical equations. The empirical formulas are the same as the symbols that represent the elements. For example, the empirical formula for iron is Fe, the same as the symbol for the element. 

Symbols indicating the physical state of each reactant and product are often shown in chemical equations. We use the symbols (g), (/), (s), and (aq) for gas, liquid, solid, and aqueous (water) solution, respectively. Thus, Equation 3.4 can be written... 

Which symbols are used to indicate solids, liquids, gases, and aqueous solutions in chemical equations ... 

Write the symbols used to represent gas, liquid, solid, and the aqueous phase in chemical equations. 

Nonmetals There is no single rule regarding the representation of nonmetals in chemical equations. Carbon, for example, exists in several allotropic forms. Regardless of the allotrope, we use its empirical formula C to represent elemental carbon in chemical equations. Often the symbol C will be followed by the specific allotrope in parentheses as in the equation representing the conversion of graphite to diamond, two of carbon s allotropic forms ... 

In chemical equations for the reactimis in the atmosphere, atoms and molecules are sometimes denoted with symbols in a parenthesis, e.g. 0( P), CX D), O2 ( 2g ), O2 ( IIu), etc. These notation are called spectroscopic terms differentiating electronic states by the symmetry of angular momentum wave functions. Here, we do not enter into the theory of quantum chemistiy, the meaning and usefulness of the symbols and selection rules which is important for the discussion of photoabsorption and photolysis reactions are remarked. 

This electrode is given a standard electrode potential of 0.00 V. All other standard electrode potentials are measured relative to this value, state symbol a symbol used in a chemical equation that describes the state of each reactant and product (s) for solid, (1) for liquid, (g) for gas and (aq) for substances in aqueous solution. 

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