Switching times for

Switching speed. Typical switching times for TN devices are 20 to 50ms, which is quite slow and has limited tl television displays. 

The switching time for the three-way valve is At = 20 ms and the pulse length is adjustable by a commercial electronic pulse generator. The pulse length can thus be varied from 50 ms to 10 s. A sequence of pulses can also be delivered with... 

A conventional SMB can be divided into four zone zone I is between desorbent and extract, zone II is between extract and feed, zone III is between feed and raffinate, zone IV is between raffinate and desorbent as shown in Figure 1. Each column plays the role of different zone during each period between switching time. For example, colunm 3 plays the role of zone in during the first switching period, zone n during the second... 

Boundary conditions purity, maximum pressure drop Apmax, desired production rate ihprod. Since purity demand has to be fulfilled, the switch times for the fraction collection (tA1, tA2, tBi and tB2) can be determined and they are not subjects of optimization. 

Chen, X., Xu, Z., Mi, S., Zheng, J., Xu, C., 2015b. Spray-processable red-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers towards fast switching time for display applications. New I. Chem. 39,5389-5394. 

Lin, L. Y., E. L. Goldstein, and R. W. Tkach. 1998. Free-space micromachined optical switches with submilUsecond switching time for large-scale ( tical crossconnects. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 10 525—527. 

The effect of dilution is dearly demonstrated in Figures 38 and 39. The spontaneous polarization for the homopolymer reached 105 nOcm al 110 C, whereas for the copolymer the highest Pj was 180 nCAnn at 40 C. A comparison of the switching times for both polymers is shown in Figure 39. 

For both polymers the switching is very fast, less than a millisecond close to the Sc -Sa transition. Also, copolymer 40 exhibits a clear bistable ferroelectric switching even at room temperature (albeit slow, I > 600 ms). For both polymers a pronounced electrolink effect in the S phase was observed. The shortest electrook switching time for the copolymer was less than 30 is at T-T -Sa lOK. Close to the Sc -Sa transition, a tilt angle of nearly 18 is induced for an applied field of 100 V across a 10-)im cell. 

Molecular tailoring of tnidcrials with fast switching times for ekctrooptic applications. 

Fig. 71. Pd thickness dependence of switching time for Pd/Y matrix sample of various Y thickness (-A-, -V-,...

Akhtar et al. [902(a)] were one of the first to describe completely assembled, sealed, solid-state electrochromic devices based on CPs. In one set of devices, the fairly common Li-triflate/Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/acetonitrile formulation for nonaqueous solid electrolytes was used. However, in another set, the unique combination of poly(ethyleneimines) of different MWt and protonic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic and poly(styrene sulfonic) was used. Additionally, the films of the CP, P(ANi), were prepared electrochemically as well as by sublimation, and in one set of devices Fe-tungstate was used as a counter electrode to provide a definitive counter electrode reaction (Lithiation). While cyclabilities to several thousand cycles were claimed, the electrochromic dynamic range and other parameters were fairly poor, as seen in Figs. 20-3. Very rapid switching times have been claimed for many P(ANi)- or P(ANi)-derivative based devices. For example. Ram et al. [902(b)] claimed a 143 ms switching time for liquid-electrolyte devices based on poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine). 

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