Swelling volume contraction

Failure Marked impairment of energy homeostasis with volume contraction impaired mitochondrial reductive activity with decreased ATP concentration (e.g., MTT, Alamar blue) organelle and cell swelling and distortion, cell lysis with intracellular enzyme release (e.g., LDFf release)... 

Assuming that no swelling or contraction of the solid takes place upon sorption (i.e., the change in volume of the solid is negligible compared to the molar volume of the gas), and that the gas follows the ideal gas law, we have... 

It should be noted that the concentration of absorbed copper reaches a constant value after 2 h while the volume contraction of gel continues to change for up to 10 h. This is probably due to the rearrangement of polyampholyte-copper complexes. The complexed layer will probably retard the further penetration of copper ions deep in the gel and the complex formation kinetics are diffusion limited. Figure 42 shows the kinetics of deswelling of polyampholyte gel and desorption of Cu + at various pH. The desorption of Cu + from the inside of the gel is accompanied by swelling of the gel. The degree of recovery of copper ions at the lEP of polyampholytes reaches up to 60-70%. 

In any case, the displacement of cations, anions, and solvent molecules through the film/ electrolytic solution interface is likely to provoke a volume change in the ECP films [128]. Nevertheless, other reasons may explain such swelling/deswelling (contraction/expan-sion) processes. For example, it may also result from changes in conjugation length... 

Since swelling is intrinsically a process of dissolution, be it one of partial dissolution, or even, in its initial phases bound up with the formation of addition compounds (or hydrates if water is concerned), the volume contractions do not represent any new or specific phenomenon In cellulose and gelatin gels, by far the main part of the total contraction coincides with the range of hydrate formation. (cf. p. 541) and hence, may be connected with a chemical reaction, like the contraction occurring in the system sulphuric acid-water, or upon formation of crystalline hydrates of salts. It is known from numerous other examples that compound formation gives rise to a volume contraction. 

The principles behind electrochemomechanical and chemomechanical actuation using CPs are fairly simple CPs are well known to swell on doping (which means electrochemical or chemical oxidation for most CPs, which are p-type). This increases volume at least ca. 35% according to measurable parameters, and probably quite a bit more. Thus, if a bilayer of a CP and another substance which is flexible but does not swell or contract is created, electrochemical or chemical redox of the... 

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