Sweetness increasing

Animal and human studies have demonstrated that the self-administration of palatable foods, especially sweets, increases after nicotine deprivation (Hughes et al. 1991 Ogden and Fox 1994 Spring et al. 2003). In abstinent human smokers, the reward value of carbohydrate-rich snack foods were higher in females than males, suggesting that food and nicotine may be substitutable rewards, especially for females (Spring et al. 2003). 

Lactulose. 4-O-P -D-Galactopyranosyl-4-D-fmctofuranose [4618-18-2] (Chronolac) (12) may be made from lactose using the method described in Reference 9. It is a synthetic disaccharide that is not hydroly2ed by gastrointestinal enzymes in the small intestine, but is metabolized by colonic bacteria to short-chain organic acids. The increased osmotic pressure of these nonabsorbable organic acids results in an accumulation of fluid in the colon. Lactulose may not be tolerated by patients because of an extremely sweet taste. It frequently produces flatulence and intestinal cramps. 

Uses of lactose production by appHcation include baby and infant formulations (30%), human food (30%), pharmaceuticals (25%), and fermentation and animal feed (15%) (39). It is used as a diluent in tablets and capsules to correct the balance between carbohydrate and proteins in cow-milk-based breast milk replacers, and to increase osmotic property or viscosity without adding excessive sweetness. It has also been used as a carrier for flavorings. 

Fig. 3. Structure—activity summary of dipeptide sweeteners, where n may be 0 or 1 (62). There are no known replacements for the acid or amide groups denoted by arrows, although thioamide has some sweetness. If the NH2 is replaced by NHC(0)R, the potency is increased when...

Enhancers and Inducers. A sweetness enhancer is defined as a compound that imparts no taste per se, but when combined with a sweetener in small quantities, increases sweetness intensity. A tme sweetness enhancer has yet to be found. However, a good sweetness inducer, miraculin [143403-94-5] or [125267-18-7] (124), is known. Miraculin is a glycoprotein found in the fmit (called Miracle Fmit) of a West African shmb, chardella dulcifica. By itself, miraculin imparts no sweetness. When activated in the mouth by acidic substances, however, a sucrose-like sweetness is perceived. Thus, sour lemon, lime, grapefmit, rhubarb, and strawberry taste sweet when combined with miraculin. The taste conversion effect can last an hour or longer. 

Sweetness is primarily a function of the levels of dextrose and maltose present and therefore is related to DE. Other properties that increase with increasing DE value are flavor enhancement, flavor transfer, freezing-point depression, and osmotic pressure. Properties that increase with decreasing DE value are bodying contribution, cohesiveness, foam stabilization, and prevention of sugar crystallization. Com symp functional properties have been described in detail (52). 

Suncor Inc., Osg Steepbank Mine 300 2001 new bitumen mine increased production 10,800 (90, 000+) light sweet cmde, custom blends... 

Port McMurray 300 1998-2001 upgrader improvements, plant increased 9,600 (80,000) light sweet... 

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a weak acid (carbonic acid), which reduces the pH of the solution and, consequently, increases its corrosivity. Corrosion caused by carbon dioxide is generally referred to as sweet corrosion, and results in pitting. The mechanism of carbon dioxide corrosion is as follows [197,198] ... 

Sugar is added to a cup of coffee until no more sugar will dissolve. Does addition of another spoonful of sugar increase the rate at which the sugar molecules leave the crystal phase and enter the liquid phase Will the sweetness of the liquid be increased by this addition Explain. 

It is, instead, an easier, cheaper, friendlier alternative, increasingly popular—a last-minute plan widi lower stakes, higher flexibility, a maximum of social entertainment in a minimum of time and a sweet lack of stress. 

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