Swans

The swan neck adapter of Fig. II, 56, 12 is useful for distillations as it permits the use of a capillary tube (held in position by a short length of heavy-walled rubber tubing) not sealed to a ground joint. It may also be used for inser tion of a thermometer or a gas-inlet tube in the narrow neck and a reflux condenser into the ground joint this device virtually converts a three-necked into a four-necked flask. Common sizes are cone fil9, 24, 29, or 34 socket 19, 24 or 29. 

The importance of this work, which was begun by Dr. J. M. Swan of Monash University, Melbourne. Australia, was very quickly recognized. 

In addition to these laboratory-based experiments it is interesting to note that the Swan bands of C2 are important in astrophysics. They have been observed in the emission spectra of comets and also in the absorption spectra of stellar atmospheres, including that of the sun, in which the interior of the star acts as the continuum source. 

Sonoluminescence from nonaqueous Hquids has only recentiy been examined. Flint and SusHck reported the first MBSL spectra of organic Hquids (37). With various hydrocarbons, the observed emission is from excited states of (d Ilg — 11, the Swan lines), the same emission seen in flames. 

Fig. 7. Sonoluminescence of excited state Emission from the At = +1 manifold of the d Hg — H transition (Swan band) of Reproduced with...

Sir Joseph Swan, as a result of his quest for carbon fiber for lamp filaments (2), learned how to denitrate nitrocellulose using ammonium sulfide. In 1885 he exhibited the first textiles made from this new artificial sHk, but with carbon fiber being his main theme he failed to foUow up on the textile possibihties. Meanwhile Count Hilaire de Chardoimet (3) was researching the nitrocellulose route and had perfected his first fibers and textiles in time for the Paris Exhibition in 1889. There he got the necessary financial backing for the first Chardoimet silk factory in Besancon in 1890. His process involved treating mulberry leaves with nitric and sulfuric acids to form cellulose nitrate which could be dissolved in ether and alcohol. This collodion solution could be extmded through holes in a spinneret into warm air where solvent evaporation led to the formation of soHd cellulose nitrate filaments. 

In another laboratory at Kew, C. H. Steam and C. E. Topham, who had worked for Sir Joseph Swan on lamp filaments, developed the continuous filament spinning process (8) and the machinery needed to wash and coUect (9,10) the yams. A fibermaking method was outlined in 1898, and the Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed to develop the concept into a commercial proposition. 

J. S. Swan, in G. Charalambous, ed.. Handbook of Food and Beverage Stability Chemical, Biochemical, Microbiological, and NutritionalMspects, Academic Press, Inc., Ltd., London, 1986, p. 801. 

The lupinane group has not attracted chemists as a primary material for modification in the hope of developing substances of possible therapeutic interest. Liberalli found lupanine was inactive in avian malaria and Clemo and Swan state that this is also the case for ll-(e-diethylamino- -pentyl)aminolupinane. Lupinine -aminobenzoate has been investigated in Russia and shown to possess marked local anaesthetic action. ... 

The same author has shown by repetition of the early experiments already referred to (p. 507) that when yohimbine hydrochloride is distilled with zinc dust there is formed in addition to harman (XVII), p-cresol, which must originate from ring E of the yohimbine formula (XIV) by inclusion of C as the methyl group. Witkop s formula for yobyrine (IV6) received prompt confirmation by Clemo and Swan s synthesis of this base by... 

Samsung General Chemicals (South Korea) Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical (China) Thomas Swan (UK)... 

Thu umalai Chemicals Ltd., 176 Thomas Register of American Manufacturers, 309 Thomas Register of European Manufacturers, 309 Thomas Swan Co. Ltd., 213 Thorium and Thorium Compomids, 128 3M Coi poration, See Minnesota Mrnriig and Manufacturing Company (US), 250... 

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