Surgical retention

Properties of materials designed with the use of silver nanoparticles, which prevent multiphcation of variotrs microorganisms, may be useful in medicine, for example. The examples are surgical retention sutures, bandages, plasters, surgical boots, medical masks, whites, skull-caps, towels, and so on. Customers know well sports clothes, prophylactic socks with antimicrobial properties. 

Surgical retention is provided by surgically created retention elements such as skin-penetrating osseointegrated implants [1] (Figure 21.1). Numerous studies were found in the literature about facial implants [3, 4, 14, 15, 19, 20, 27-32]. Burn defects may also be rehabilitated with the facial prostheses anchored with osseointegrated implants [2]. Leonard et al. [19] reported 111 implants that have been positioned to retain 35 facial prostheses. They were placed to support 21 auricular (bilateral in 2 cases), 4 orbital, 8 nasal, and 2 complex midfacial prostheses. Charpiot et al. [30] reported 142 implants that have been placed for 51 facial prostheses. Hatamleh et al. [21] performed a questionnaire study to observe the preferences of maxillofacial prosthetists and technologists (MPTs) and showed that implant-retained bars are commonly preferred to retain auricular prostheses (70%). Karakoca et al. [20] evaluated 32 auricular, 25 orbital, and 13 nasal prostheses supported with implants. 

Sodium is contraindicated in patients with hypernatremia, fluid retention, and when the administration of sodium or chloride could be detrimental. Sodium is used cautiously in surgical patients and those with circulatory insufficiency, hypoproteinemia, urinaiy tract obstruction, congestive heart failure, edema, and renal impairment. Sodium is a Pregnancy Category C drug and is used cautiously during pregnancy. 

Figure 2. In vivo breaking strength retention of Poly(i lactide) compared with commercial absorbable surgical sutures.

Baroreceptors are present in the carotid sinus and aortic arch and stretch receptors are situated in the left atrium (G2, H6). Distension of the left atrium causes a fall in blood ADH levels, and in experimental animals the reduction in atrial stretch which follows the deflation of a distended balloon produces a brisk rise (S3). These experimental results offer an explanation of the dilutional situation with water retention which follows the surgical release of a tight mitral stenosis in man. 

McConnell JD, Bruskewitz R, Walsh P, et al. The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1998 338 557-563. 

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