Surfactants functionalized olefins

Sulfation and Sulfonation. a-Olefin reactions involving the introduction of sulfur-containing functional groups have commercial importance. As with many derivatives of olefins, several of these products have appHcations in the area of surfactants (qv) and detergents. Typical sulfur reagents utilized in these processes include sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfur trioxide, and sodium bisulfite. 

While the irradiation of substituted cyclopentenones in aqueous environment gives cyclobutane dimers with a ratio of head-to-head (HH) to head-to-tail (HT) of about one, the same photoreaction in potassium decylanoate (KDC) gives the cyclobutane dimer which is almost exclusively HH (Scheme XIX) 49). The dependence of the HH/HT ratio as a function of surfactant concentration shows a dramatic increase in the ratio at the reported CMC value. The regioselectivity is attributed to the carbonyl groups being oriented in the Stem layer with the olefin extending into... 

Hirasaki et al. (2008) demonstrated an alternative to the use of alcohol by blending two dissimilar surfactants a branched alkoxylated sulfate and a double-tailed, internal olefin sulfonate. The presence of cosolvent affects the effective salinity and causes a shift in phase boundaries. Alcohol is an organic compound with a functional group of -OH. In aqueous solutions, the hydrogen can become detached, producing slightly acidic solutions. Alcohols with short... 

Figure 8. Thin-film drainage tune (x) and dilatational modulus (m) at 10 s 1 bubbling frequency of a-olefin sulfonate solutions as a function of surfactant chain length. (Reproduced from reference 22. Copyright 1986 American Chemical Society.)...

Regarding synthesis of polyolefin nanocomposites with wider applications, copolymerization of ethylene with other olefinic monomers, including higher a-olefins and polar comonomers (with late transition metal catalysts) still needs to be investigated in more detail. For instance, exfohated polyolefin-using chain end functionalized polyolefins can potentially be used as the polymeric surfactants [112]. 

Warwel et al. applied catalytic methods of olefin chemistry to achieve polymer building blocks as well as polymers like functionalized polyolefins, polyesters, polyethers, polyamides as well as sugar-based surfactants [4]. The fundamental approach was the polymer synthesis based on unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, which are available by industrially applied transesterification of fats and oils with methanol. In Figure 18 is reported a schematic representation of the potential of plant oil components in the preparation of different polymeric materials. 

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