Surfaces historical perspective

Shen., Y. R. 2000. Surface nonlinear optics A historical perspective, IEEE J. Selected Top. Quantum Electron. 6 1375-79. 

In this chapter we will provide a brief overview of the early approaches to bioavailability enhancement by use of simple lipid-based delivery systems (lipid solutions, emulsions etc), and then describe recent progress in the application of self-emulsifying- and microemulsion-based formulations. The effects of lipids on the oral bioavailability of co-administered poorly water-soluble drugs may also be classified from a mechanistic (and to a degree, historical) perspective as physicochemically mediated effects (solubility, dissolution, surface area) and biochemically mediated effects (metabolism, transport related events), and these will be approached separately. It is readily apparent, however, that in many cases physicochemically and biochemically mediated mechanisms will operate side by side. In some instances, bioavailability may also be enhanced by the stimulation of intestinal lymphatic transport, and these studies will be addressed in a separate section. 

While it is safe to say that SPR is a mature technique from the historical perspective, new driving forces appear to challenge traditional SPR for various needs that traditional SPR sensors fail to satisfy. In particular, a novel SPR biosensor that attempts to capitalize on the nanotechnology, by which to localize surface plasmons (SPs), has emerged and thus has been appropriately called a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor. In this chapter, 1 focus on the LSPR biosensor by reviewing its operating principles and properties in a systematic way and venture into future directions along which LSPR biosensors evolve. 

Application of IR Spectroscopy to the Surface Chemistry of Oxide-Based Materials a Historical Perspective... 

It is not our intention to present an exhaustive review of this important subject. Up-to-date reviews are provided elsewhere [38,37]. The classic review by Garten and Weiss [41 ] offers an excellent historical perspective. We do need to summarize here the issues that are essential for understanding the aqueous-phase adsorption phenomena. The main features of carbon surface chemistry are presented first and the con.sequent acid/base behavior of carbons is briefly discus.sed to illustrate their amphoteric character. In Section III it is shown that these phenomena often govern the adsorption of most inorganic compounds. In Section IV we argue that these phenomena can be dominant in the adsorption of organic compounds as well, but they are more often only a part of the whole story. 

Polyester-based liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is one of the most attractive materials in the field of engineering thermoplastics because of its superior heat resistance, stiffness, accuracy of dimensions, moldabihty, and excellent balance of these properties. LCP is recently expanding its applications, in particular, those for the precision electronic parts appropriate for surface mount technology (SMT). The historical perspective of LCP is outhned below. 

In contrast to aromatic moieties, absence of w-resonance for aliphatic compounds results in very low oxidation rates even though the reactions may be favored thermodynamically. StabiUzation of free-radical products from aliphatic compounds can be achieved alternatively via their adsorption to the surface of noble metal electrodes. Unfortunately, adsorption of organic molecules and free radicals also has the consequence of fouling of the electrode and loss of its activity [57]. The historical perspective of nonreactivity for ahphatic compounds at noble metal electrodes can be attributed to surface fouling as a result of high, but transient, catalytic activity. An alternative approach is to combine electrochemical detection with on-hne cleaning. Hence, in order to maintain uniform and reproducible electrode activity at noble metal electrodes for polar aliphatic compounds. 

Historical Perspective. Friction is a fundamental physical phenom on occurring whenever two contacting surfaces are in relative motion. Mankind has struggled against and has used friction since ancient times, as is apparent from the earliest recorded... 

---