Surface schematic drawing

A surface crack with right-angular parallelepiped shape is illustrated in Fig.l. A schematic drawing of the positioning of this crack at the surface plane (xOy) is shown in Fig.2. The crack is oriented at an angle O with respect to the direction x of the applied field, and the applied field is considered to be magnetic field for simplicity. 

Fig.2 A schematic drawing of the positioning of the crack at the surface plane.

Figure 12.2 (a) Schematic drawing of membrane proteins in a typical membrane and their solubilization by detergents. The hydrophilic surfaces of the membrane proteins are indicated by red. (b) A membrane protein crystallized with detergents bound to its hydrophobic protein surface. The hydrophilic surfaces of the proteins and the symbols for detergents are as in (a). (Adapted from H. Michel, Trends Biochem. Sci. 8 56-59, 1983.)... 

Fig. 13.11. A schematic drawing of the potential energy surfaces for the photochemical reactions of stilbene. Approximate branching ratios and quantum yields for the important processes are indicated. In this figure, the ground- and excited-state barrier heights are drawn to scale representing the best available values, as are the relative energies of the ground states of Z- and E -stilbene 4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene (DHP). [Reproduced from R. J. Sension, S. T. Repinec, A. Z. Szarka, and R. M. Hochstrasser, J. Chem. Phys. 98 6291 (1993) by permission of the American Institute of Physics.]...

Fig.. 24. Schematic drawing of the visual appearance of the failure surfaces of lap joints prepared from hot-dipped galvanized steel substrates. Reproduced by permission of John Wiley and Sons from Ref. [41].

Figure 3. Left schematic drawing of the crystal structure of hexagonal graphite showing the AB graphene basal plane surface...

Fig. la —c. Schematic drawing of some specific examples of polymer molecules at an interface (a) the free surface of a homopolymer, (b) the surface enrichment of one component in a miscible polymer blend, and (c) the interface between polymers of different molecular weight and/or chemical composition... 

FIGURE 9.14 Typical approach force curve (solid line) for a sample which is penetrated by the scanning probe microscope (SPM) tip. Also shown is the force curve (dashed line) when the tip encounters a hard surface (glass) and schematic drawings of the relative positions of the SPM tip and the sample surface as related to the force curves. (From Huson, M.G. and Maxwell, J.M., Polym. Test., 25, 2, 2006.)... 

Figure 9.14 shows a typical approach force curve along with schematic drawings of the relative positions of the SPM tip and the sample surface, as related to the force curve. At the start of the experiment, i.e., position A on the right-hand side of the figure, the tip is above the surface of the sample. As it approaches the surface the Z value decreases until at position B the tip contacts the surface. With further downward movement of the piezo the cantilever starts to be deflected by the force imposed on it by the surface. If the surface is much stiffer than the cantilever, we get a straight line with a slope of — 1, i.e., for every 1 nm of Z travel we get 1 nm of deflection (Une BC in Figure 9.14). If the surface has stiffness similar to that of the cantilever, the tip wUl penetrate the surface and we get a nonlinear curve with a decreased slope (line BD in Figure 9.14). The horizontal distance between the curve BD and the line BC is equal to the penetration at any given cantilever deflection or force. The piezo continues downward until a preset cantilever deflection is reached, the so-called trigger. The piezo is then retracted a predetermined distance, beyond the point at which the tip separates from the sample.

FIG. 1 Schematic drawings of (a) the surface forces apparatus and (b) the colloidal probe atomic force microscope. 

FIG. 10 Schematic drawing of surface forces measurement on charged polypeptide brushes prepared by LB deposition of amphiphiles 2 and 3. 

The frequency-dependent spectroscopic capabilities of SPFM are ideally suited for studies of ion solvation and mobility on surfaces. This is because the characteristic time of processes involving ionic motion in liquids ranges from seconds (or more) to fractions of a millisecond. Ions at the surface of materials are natural nucleation sites for adsorbed water. Solvation increases ionic mobility, and this is reflected in their response to the electric field around the tip of the SPFM. The schematic drawing in Figure 29 illustrates the situation in which positive ions accumulate under a negatively biased tip. If the polarity is reversed, the positive ions will diffuse away while negative ions will accumulate under the tip. Mass transport of ions takes place over distances of a few tip radii or a few times the tip-surface distance. 

FIG. 17 Schematic illustration of the setup for a tip-dip experiment. First glycerol dialkyl nonitol tetraether lipid (GDNT) monolayers are compressed to the desired surface pressure (measured by a Wilhehny plate system). Subsequently a small patch of the monolayer is clamped by a glass micropipette and the S-layer protein is recrystallized. The lower picture shows the S-layer/GDNT membrane on the tip of the glass micropipette in more detail. The basic circuit for measurement of the electric features of the membrane and the current mediated by a hypothetical ion carrier is shown in the upper part of the schematic drawing. 

Figure 6.1. Schematic drawing of an atom outside a surface at distance d.

Figure 4.12 Fluorescence image of PMMA brush layer (a) and schematic drawing of the brush chain (b). The dark region (a) corresponds to the substrate surface exposed by scratching off the brush layer. The filled and open circles indicate the points where the fluorescence anisotropy decay was acquired.

Figure 16.2a and b show schematic drawings of top and side views of the SAMs of alkanethiols on the Au(lll) surface, respectively [28]. The basic molecular arrangement is (v S X - /3)R30° with respect to the Au(lll) surface. Closer inspection of the structure revealed the existence of a c(4 x 2) superlattice of (v 3 x - /3)R30°. The alkyl chain is tilted from the surface normal by about 30° with all-trans conformation. This... 

Figure 2.39 Schematic drawing of the growth of the vapor film in film boiling on a vertical surface. (From Dwyer, 1976. Copyright 1976 by American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL. Reprinted with permission.)...

Figure 1. Schematic drawings of graphite and WS2 nanoclusters. Note that in both cases the surface energy, which destabilizes the planar topology of the nanocluster, is concentrated in the prismatic edges parallel to the c axis (lie) (3).

Fig. 19. Schematic drawing of the arrangement of surface dipoles for formic anhydride adsorbed on Ni(l 10) and Ni(lOO) (ffS). Reprinted with permission of North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1979.

Figure 15. Schematic drawings of various models (a, left) mosaic SEI model by Peled et al. (Reproduced with permission from ref 270 (Figure 1). Copyright 1997 The Electrochemical Society.) (b, right) Surface double layer capacitor model by Ein-Eli (Reproduced with permission from ref 272 (Figure 1). Copyright 1999 The Electrochemical Society.)...

Fig.1 A schematic drawing comparing linear grafting a with hyperhranched grafting b in coverage or healing of surface defects. An efficiency of 100% is assumed in all three steps in linear grafting (a). In the hyperbranched graft example (b), a 50% efficiency is assumed in the first step hut 100% efficiency and three branches per graft stage are assumes in steps two and three...

Fig. 6 Schematic drawing of ZSM5 catalyst bed deactivation. View of the fused silica reaction tube at about 40 % of catalyst life time. Black zone (I) of deactivated catalyst particles covered with coke ("methanol coke"). Small dark reaction zone (II) in which methanol conversion to 100 % occurs. Blue/grey zone (III) of active catalyst on which a small amount of "olefin coke" produced by the olefinic hydrocarbon product mixture has been deposited on the crystallite surfaces. The quartz particles before and behind the catalyst bed (zones 0) remain essentially white.

Fig. 11. Schematic drawing of the alteration of hollandite, as deduced from material recovered on TEM replicas (see Fig. 10). The model assumes a thickness of 50-100 nm for the hollandite grains and a uniform thickness of Al-Fe-O-H material built up on the surface during the alteration process. The decrease in the measured concentration of Ba, for example, cannot exceed that required by the surface layer alone and requires additional Ba release to a depth of approximately 8—16 nm depending on the actual grain thickness.

Fig. 10.2.2 Schematic drawing of a carbon arc apparatus. Cylindrical hard deposit (A) grown on the end of the cathode, chamber soot (B) deposited on the ceiling of the evaporator. and cathode soot (C) around the cathode surfaces are shown.

As described already, many practical applications in dry process surface modification concern the interaction of particles. Figure 13.3.13 shows a schematic drawing and a fabrication model of blending particles. Under self or mutual harmonization during the dry impact blending treatment, final arranging and controlled composites can be obtained. 

Fig. 4. Schematic drawing of the potential energy surfaces for the CPMD simulations. PES of Sellmann-type complexes (left) PES of Schrock-type complex (right).

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