Surface roughness electrochemical crystal microbalance

An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM or QCM) can be used to estimate the surface roughness of deposited lithium [43],... 

Fundamental frequency of the resonator Correlation function for surface roughness Root mean square height of a roughness Wave vector of shear waves in quartz, (Uy pq//rq Correlation length of surface roughness Thickness of the liquid film Thickness of interfacial layer Molecular dynamics Pressure in a liquid Quartz crystal microbalance Hydrodynamic roughness factor Electrochemical roughness factor Coordinates (normal and lateral)... 

Many techniques have been developed to characterize the properties of the SEI layer on the anodes, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), EELS and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) " as well as FTIR and HRTEM. Most of these techniques provide ex situ information on both the elechonic and crystalline stmctural variations of the electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (ECQCM) can provide in situ information of macro-scale properties of the SEI layers. Reflectance FTIR techniques and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used in situ to study the surface of metal lithium and electrochemically nonactive electrodes, such as Pt, Au and Ni as well. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to study rough electrode surfaces of composite materials in lithium ion batteries with these techniques. In addition, none of the above techniques, except for FTIR spectroscopy, can provide structural information at the molecular levels. 

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