Surface Optical Analysis

Lewin, A. D., "Non-Contact Surface Vibration Analysis Using a Monomode Fiber Optic Interferometer, /. Phys. E Sci. Instrum.,Vol. 18,1985, pp. 604-608. 

Pfefferle and Lyubovsky executed types of measurements that yielded critical information between active Pd phases for catalytic combustion using pure ot-alumina plates with zero porosity as a support for the catalyst. This procedure uniformly covers the plate with metal particles on the top surface where they are easily available for the reaction gases and optical analysis. This type of experimental procedure has shown that in high-temperature methane oxidation the reduced form of the supported palladium catalyst is more active than the oxidized form. The temperature at which the PdO Pd... 

The hematofluorometer is a single-channel front surface photofluorometer dedicated to the analysis of zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood (see Chapter 32). A typical hematofluorometer uses a quartz tungsten lamp, a narrow bandpass excitation filter (420 nm), front surface optics, a narrow bandpass filter (594 nm), and a PM tube. A drop of whole blood is placed on a small rectangular glass slide that serves as a cuvet. 

Scientists have used a wide arsenal of analytical techniques to monitor chemical and physical transformations of polymers following exposure to laser radiation, among which UV-Vis absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy for detection of free radicals, GC/MS analysis, FTIR for detection of various functional groups and bonds, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the chemical composition of surfaces, optical, and fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface topography, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for in situ mass loss measurements, and so forth. 

The objective of this chapter is to follow the process of abiotic chemical degradation as it takes place within a piece of wood by examination of a series of tissues taken at increasing distances from the wood surface. Chemical analysis of the tissues under investigation is indispensable for interpretation of the optical evidence. Standard analyses for the main wood constituents were made of the respective tissues to supplement the micro-... 

The success of XPS lies in its surface specificity (analysis depth of ca. 5 mn), low degree of degradation of tested materials, quantitative aspect, and detection of all elements (except hydrogen) and their chemical shifts. The so-called chemical shift is the cornerstone of XPS since it enables the surface scientist to study chemical bonding and to derive materials properties such as refractive indices of thin optical layers [150], the nondispersive component of the surface energy of polymers [151] and the add base properties of alcohols and amines [152]. 

Among the spectroscopic (EXAFS-like) methods of analysis of local atonuc structure, the SEFS method is a purely surface technique. The analyzed-layer depth in the SEFS method is determined by the mean free path of the secondary electrons and amounts to about 5-7 A. It is not feasible to obtain such a small depth of the analyzed layer by other EXAFS-like methods of surface structure analysis. It should be mentioned that from the standpoint of the physics of surfaces, information on the atonuc structure of superthin surface layers is of most interest, since it is precisely in these surface layers that one encounters the most considerable changes due to the presence of a free surface in a solid. The use of electron optics in the SEFS method makes it possible to obtain extrahigh resolution for the analyzed area (down to several nanometers), which presently is not attainable with X-ray optics used in the EXAFS method. 

As in the case of PG253 the thermo-optic analysis, figure 7, was carried out without the use of aligning fields (surface or... 

Recently, the investigation of polymer brushes has been focused on the synthesis of new tethered polymer systems primarily through surface-initiated polymerization (SIP). Previously, the term polymer brushes has been limited to the investigation of block copolymers (qv) or end-functional linear polymers that have been physically or chemically adsorbed to surfaces, respectively (3,4). Recent synthetic efforts using different polymerization mechanisms have resulted in the discovery of many novel properties of polymer brushes. This has been aided no less than the use of innovative and unique surface-sensitive analysis methods as applied to flat substrates and particles. The study of polymer brushes has benefited from improved dielectric, optical, spectroscopic, and microscopic characterization methods. Understanding the chemistry of these grafting reactions and how... 

Electrical properties discussed include the measurement of volume and surface resistivity, dielectric strength and surface arc and tracking resistance. Optical properties and light stability includes a discussion of stress optical analysis and the effects of light and other influences on stabilised and unstabilised polymers. 

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