Surface length

L Separation of surfaces, length of a side or radius of hemispherical mass of gas m L... 

Arithmetic Length Length 2 m/2/2 nd Surface-length or length-weighted mean, dsi... 

For a fluid flowing down a vertical surface, length l and width w and film thickness S, at a distance y from the solid surface, a force balance gives ... 

This can be rewritten in terms of the surface length, d, where d = 7tr0, as... 

If once again we define the surface length, here as d — 2a, then the current is the same as at the hemispherical electrode ... 

Subbarao and Basu (1986), Basu and Nag (1987) and Basu (1990) derived the expression of cluster residence time lc on the heat transfer surface based on Subbarao s (1986) cluster model, although the model is not widely accepted. Lu et ai (1990) and Zhang et al. (1987) have also obtained empirical correlations independently for predicting cluster residence time based on their heat transfer experiments. However, because of the lack of available and reliable information about the residence time of clusters at the surface and the fraction of the clusters in solids suspension, a significant discrepancy between the results predicted by the different approaches mentioned earlier has been observed. Besides, it should be pointed out that the major shortcoming in the earlier models is that they all take no account of the heat transfer surface length. 

A summary of these different types of averages can be found in Table 3. Example 5. Using the particle count data given in Example 4 and Table 2, compute the statistical mean diameters for the number-length, number-surface, number-volume, length-surface, length-volume, surface-volume, volume-moment and weight-moment mean diameters. 

TABLE 4 Calculation of the Number-Length. Number-Surface. Number-Volume. Length-Surface, Length-Volunne, Surface-Volume, Volume-Moment and Weight-Moment Mean Diameter... 

Intraluminal digestive capacity of the pancreas and the bile Transit time Contact surface Length... 

If the laminar and transitional zones are short, the turbulent boundary layer can be assumed to begin at the leading edge of the plate. In this case, for surface length Reynolds number of a few million, Eq. 6.163 can be employed in Eq. 6.166 to establish the following simple relationship ... 

Vertical Surfaces. Condensation heat transfer coefficients for external condensation on vertical surfaces depend on whether the vapor is saturated or supersaturated the condensate film is laminar or turbulent and the condensate film surface is wave-free or wavy. Most correlations assume a constant condensation surface temperature, but variable surface temperature conditions are correlated as well as summarized in Table 17.23. All coefficients represent mean values (over a total surface length), that is, h = (1/L) 10 hloc dx. 

In the case of excitation propagation, the potential is described by Eq. (9) in which C stands for the double layer capacitance per unit wire length, R for the resistance per unit length of solution, i for the current through unit surface length equal to lirrio (r is wire radius, / o is current density). As noted above. 

But quantities are often determined indirectly as well, meaning they are found by calculation from other measured quantities. In the field of geodesy, the science of measuring and mapping the Earth s surface, lengths and altitudes have mostly been determined through calculations based on measured angles (Fig. 1.3). When he... 

The PMS may also provide quantities per material and works required (e.g. tons of hot or cold mixtures, volume or area of milling, area of micro-surfacing, length of crack filling, area of patching or full replacement, length or area of road marking, etc.). This provision is more commonly found in PMSs at the project level. 

Fig, 5-24. Wet product moisture (a) and temperature (b) as a function of heated surface length in contact drying. 

One of the effective ways to eliminate surfece cracks is crack-healing. Especially, that driven by oxidation of SiC can completely erase all surface cracks by a simple heat treatment. Ando et al. reported that a heat treatment at 1573 K for 1 h in air can completely heal a elliptical surface crack with surface length = 100 xm, which introduced by indentation in alumina reinforced by 15 vol.% SiC particles. Also, Osada et al. reported that the numerous surface cracks introduced by heavily machining can be completely healed by the same crack-healing treatment. 

Fig. 18.4. a Constant angle sampling. Different surface lengths are represented by the same length in the cylinder, b Perimeter sampling same length but different angle... 

Where, A = normal stress on the sliding surface of the slice, kN/m T = shear stress on the sliding surface of the slice, kN/m T = pore pressure on the slice, kN/m L = sliding surface length of the slice, m = effective internal friction angle, ° c = effective internal cohesion, kN/m IF = slice weight, kN/m Yw = unit weight of water, kN/m ... 

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