Surface inclination, effect

Dressier (D9), 1949 Mathematical treatment of roll waves in inclined open channel, including effects of slope, resistance to flow, but neglecting surface tension effects. 

FIGURE 15.73 Effect of surface inclination angle on transition boiling of saturated water. Experiment of transient (quenching) type (from El-Genk and Guo [184], with permission from ASME). 

The area that is theoretically available for separation is equal to the sum of the projected areas or all channels on the horizontal plane. Figure 18-88 shows the horizontally projected area A, of a single channel in a clarifier of unit width. If X is the uniform distance between plates (measured perpendicularly to the plate surface), the clarifier will contain sin Ci/X channels per unit length and an effective collection area per unit clarifier length of A, sin O/X, where Ot is the angle of inclination of the plates to the horizontal. It follows that the total horizontally projected plate area per unit volume of sludge in the clarifier Aj is... 

If a particle presents a face inclined at an angle to the direction of motion of the fluid, it may be subjected to an upward lift due to the aerofoil effect. In Figure 5.13 a flat plate is shown at an angle to a stream of fluid flowing horizontally. The fluid pressure acts normally at the surface and thus produces forces with vertical and horizontal components... 

Liquid flows down an inclined surface as a film. On what variables will the thickness of the liquid film depend Obtain the relevant dimensionless groups. It may be assumed that the surface is sufficiently wide for edge effects to be negligible. 

A theoretical treatment of the effect caused by the competition between the sine-like angular-dependent component of the adsorption potential and dipole lateral interaction demonstrated that the values 6 are the same in the ground state and at the phase transition temperature.81 Study of the structure and dynamics for the CO monolayer adsorbed on the NaCl(lOO) surface using the molecular dynamics method has also led to the inference that angles 0j are practically equalized in a wide temperature range.82 That is why the following consideration of orientational structures and excitations in a system of adsorbed molecules will imply, for the sake of simplicity, the constant value of the inclination angle ty =0(see Fig. 2.14) which is due to the adsorption potential u pj,q>j). 

Here we focus on the effect of dipolar dispersion laws for high-frequency collective vibrations on the shift and width of their spectral line, with surface molecules inclined at an arbitrary angle 6 to the surface-normal direction. For definiteness, we consider the case of a triangular lattice and the ferroelectric ordering of dipole moments inherent in this lattice type.56,109 Lateral interactions of dynamic dipole moments p = pe (e = (sin os, sin6fcin , cos )) corresponding to collective vibrations on a simple two-dimensional lattice of adsorbed molecules cause these vibrations to collectivize in accordance with the dispersion law 121... 

Fig, 21. If surface tension of the inclined planes of a solid (on which drop L rests) had no effect on the contact angle 8, then the value of 8 would be determined by two tensions only, namely 7 cos 8 and 7sj... 

Pearce(11) studied the effect of a downward-facing surface by considering an inclined tube as shown in Figure 5.5. Starting with a suspension reaching a level AA, if the sludge line falls to a new level BB, then material will tend to settle out from the whole of the... 

Lamella settlers are gravity settlers that use a large number of inclined flat plates, closely packed, so that the distance between the plates is small. The gravitational action makes the cells move in the direction of the lower surface of the individual separating space between two plates. Once settled, the particles slide down in a layer towards the plate periphery and then into the sludge hopper. For the same required sedimentation area, lamella settlers are much more compact than vertical ones. Theoretically, their total sedimentation area is the sum of the horizontally projected areas of all plates. In practice, however, only 50% of this total area is effective [137]. The main problem with inclined settlers is that the cells tend to adhere to the plates. Special coating of the plate surface and vibration of the whole lamella pack may alleviate this problem. 

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