Aerofoil effect

If a particle presents a face inclined at an angle to the direction of motion of the fluid, it may be subjected to an upward lift due to the aerofoil effect. In Figure 5.13 a flat plate is shown at an angle to a stream of fluid flowing horizontally. The fluid pressure acts normally at the surface and thus produces forces with vertical and horizontal components... 

Vci y late in the ancient period the square sail was challenged by a more effective design the triangular lateen sail, aligned with the vessel s long axis (i.e., fore-and-aft). The origin of this rigging is uncertain unlike square sails, lateen sails operated as fabric aerofoils and permitted vessels to sail more closely into headwinds. 

Electrical radiant heater Condenser with cup surface and drainage to collect the distillate (aerofoil condenser with self-pumping effect for distillate)... 

The considerations of the previous sections dealt with the two most extreme load cases If loaded in fibre direction, the stiffening effect of the fibres is maximal, if loaded perpendicularly, it is minimal. Under arbitrary loads, it is necessary to calculate the components of the elasticity tensor (see section 2.4.2). Depending on the fibre arrangement, couplings between normal and shear components can occur. For example, this can be exploited to construct aerofoils that twist on bending, with normal stresses causing shear strains. 

---