Surface-hopping method, nonadiabatic quantum potential energy surfaces

Surface Hopping Model (SHM) first proposed by Tully and Preston [444] is a practical method to cope with nonadiabatic transition. It is actually not a theory but an intuitive prescription to take account of quantum coherent jump by replacing with a classical hop from one potential energy surface to another with a transition probability that is borrowed from other theories of semiclassical (or full quantum mechanical) nonadiabatic transitions state theory such as Zhu-Nakamura method. The fewest switch surface hopping method [445] and the theory of natural decay of mixing [197, 452, 509, 515] are among the most advanced methodologies so far proposed to practically resolve the critical difficulty of SET and the primitive version of SHM. 

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