Surface-enhanced Raman scattering enhancement equations

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, using silver nanoparticles, has shown promise in overcoming the low sensitivity problems inherent in Raman spectroscopy. Using the SERS technique, the detection sensitivity is enhanced up to 6-10 orders of magnitude over conventional Raman spectroscopy. As a result, the SERS technique provides a comparable sensitivity with fluorescence detection. In order to understand the enhancement mechanisms, it is instructive to refer to the following equation ... 

This chapter is mainly concerned with the metal/solution interface in an electrochemical cell. SERS and resonance Raman scattering (RRS) are particularly important for this system, for which there are relatively few in situ surface analytical probes available, in comparison to the many varieties of such probes available for solid/ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) interfacial systems. The organization of this chapter is as follows. Section 1 contains an overview of the SERS technique, including some experimental observations and theoretical considerations. In Section 2, experimental details are given for obtaining SERS in electrochemical cells in Sections 3 and 4, a theoretical treatment of different SERS enhancement mechanisms is developed and in Section 5, overall enhancement equations are discussed. Symmetry considerations for... 

Overall Enhancement Equations for Surface Raman Scattering... 

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