Superoxide anion radical antioxidant defense

In summary, our data clearly indicate that particularly CML, but also casein-bound CML, can activate the SOD as one of the major antioxidant enzymes via interaction with RAGE. Increased SOD activity may (1) counteract the formation of superoxide radical anions in response to RAGE-mediated NADPH-oxidase activity and may also (2) reduce the amount of AGEs that is formed from oxidative pathways. Therefore, interaction of an AGE such as CML with RAGE may activate cellular defense mechanisms against ROS. Rising levels of AGEs may, therefore, be based on a combination of the dietary intake, in vivo formation and cellular defense mechanisms. 

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