Summer smog

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone (summer smog). Certain halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g. CFCs) also destroy the stratospheric ozone layer. Chlorinated solvents are hazardous to water and, if disposed of incorrectly (e.g. burning), may emit highly toxic substances (e.g. dioxins). 

Even A., ten Brink H., Blatter A., Neftel A., and Gaggeler H. W. (2002) Urban and rural aerosol characterization of summer smog events during the PIPAPO field campaign in Milan, Italy. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 10.1029/2001JD001292. 

Whilst the ozone has a protective function in the stratosphere, it is classified as an unhealthy and plant-damaging trace gas at ground level. Photochemical ozone formation in the lower troposphere, which is also referred to as summer smog, damages the vegetation and certain materials. High concentrations of ozone are toxic to humans. 

CML Method - Developed by The Centre for Environmental Science in Leiden, The Netherlands. The effects of water and air emissions of various chemicals on certain general areas such as eutrophication, energy depletion, greenhouse effect, acidification, winter smog, summer smog, heavy metals and carcinogenicity were expressed in terms of potential rather than real effects. 

Energy consumption, Raw material consumption, JBreenhouse effect. Summer smog. Acidification, Ovet fertilization, Environmental toxins. Problems with waste,... 

Summer smog, photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) in kg C2H4... 

The EGA considers fossil fuel consumption, global warming potential, summer smog potential, acidification, eutrophication, carcinogenic risk, and human toxicity. The EGA did not consider waste generation or water consumption. To provide a more complete EGA, the waste generation and water consumption were calculated for each plastic based on reference sources. 

Sensitivity Analysis The analysis included chemical pollution and production of chemicals that can lead to eutrophication, acidification, summer smog, and human toxicity. The mass of the PLA was lighter than the other plastics even though it had a higher density than PP and OPS. The EGA claims that PLA can be produced with thinner walls due to the high modulus of elasticity for PLA. 

Photochemical ozone creation Ground-level ozone, which has impacts on animal and plant life, is produced by reactions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides to light ( summer smog )... 

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