Sulfur history

Kutney, G. (2007). Sulfur History, Technology, Applications and Industry. Toronto ChemTec Publishing. 

Kutney, Gerald. Sulfur History, Technology, Applications Industry. Norwich, N.Y. William Andrew Publishing, 2007. This book is a scientific history of sulfur, tracking the technologies, applications, and the industry itself from ancient markets to the current global economy. 

Sulfur history, technology, applications industry / Gerald Kutney.-Second edition. 

Vapor spaces. In addition to the possibility of wetting and drying conditions, vapor spaces may allow gaseous corrodents, such as ammonia and sulfur dioxide, to concentrate to high levels in thin films of condensate (see Case Histories 9.2, 9.3, and 9.8). 

There are, however, some crown type compounds which contain no structural feature except the thiophene subunit, and these deserve some comment here. This is especially true since one of these compounds was prepared very early in the history of crown compounds. Ahmed and Meth-Cohn were interested in sulfur analogs of the porphyrin ring system and prepared compound 7 in 1969 by the method shown in Eq. 

Sulfur exists in a number of forms, depending upon the temperature and, sometimes, upon the past history of the sample. Three of the forms are described below. A is the room temperature form and it changes to B above the melting point of A, 113°C. B changes to C on heating above 160°C. 

Historical Introduction and Perchlorates in General History. The early history of perchlorates and the perchlorate mdustryhas been thoroughly discussed (Refs 12 14, p 2), so it will be only briefly reviewed here. Early exptl work on chlorates and perchlorates was closely tied to the discovery and identification of Cl. Several workers, notably Priestly, Lavoisier, and Scheele reported the isolation of volat liqs and gases which probably were oxides or oxyacids of Cl, but they failed to identify and characterize the compds isolated. Scheele, for example, treated muriatic ac (HCl) with Mn dioxide and obtained a volat liq which he called muriatic ac derived of its phlogiston (Ref 14, p3). The first perchlorate definitely identified was the K salt which was prepd by Stadion in 1816 by the thermal decompn of K chlorate (Ref 2). From this he prepd a hydrate of perchloric ac by heating the K salt with sulfuric ac (Ref 3). Pure (anhyd) perchloric ac was first prepd by Roscoe in 1862 by distn of the hydrated ac (Ref 4)... 

Preparation. The early history of the prepn of K perchlorate by the action of acids on K chlorate is reviewed in Ref 3. These authors found that treatment of 2—5g of K chlorate with 50ml of coned sulfuric ac gave an 11 % yield of K perchlorate. The sulfuric ac must be added slowly with cooling to the K chlorate, or expins may result, Similarly, nitric ac gave a yield of 15— 30%, 85% phosphoric ac gave a yield of 15%, and Cr trioxide gave a yield of 12-15%. Org acids failed to yield any perchlorate when heated with K chlorate (Ref 3). It can also be prepu by heating a mixt of solid K chloride with... 

Wong MW (2003) Quantum-Chemical Calculations of Sulfur-Rich Compounds. 231 1-29 Wrodnigg TM, Eder B (2001) The Amadori and Heyns Rearrangements Landmarks in the History of Carbohydrate Chemistry or Unrecognized Synthetic Opportunities 215 115-175 Wyttenbach T, Bowers MT (2003) Gas-Phase Confirmations The Ion Mobility/Ion Chromatography Method. 225 201-226... 

Berner, R.A. (1987) Models for carbon and sulfur cycles and atmospheric oxygen application to paleozoic geologic history. Am. J. Sci., 287, 177-196. 

The author traces the positions that writers of histories of chemistry took toward alchemy as a total phenomenon, how they regarded the experimental-practical and philosophicoreligious components of it and what stand-points they adopted relative to such alchemical theories as the doctrine of transmutation and the sulfur-mercury theory... 

The relevance of the remarks on sulfur content is that, for reasons explained above, it is usually a valid index of the salinity of the environments of deposition. It was remarked earlier that the Eastern and Interior provinces have experienced different temperature/pressure/time histories. It should be added that coals of the Rocky Mountain, Pacific and Alaskan provinces most probably experienced yet further sets of conditions of metamorphism a locally increased geothermal gradient that produced relatively high temperatures at relatively low depths of burial and hence at relatively low pressures of overburden. 

Pyridine, Sulfur dioxide Nolan, 1983, Case History 151... 

The chemistry involved in this explosively unstable system is reviewed [1]. The mechanism of the trigger reactions that initiate the exothermic decomposition of chlorate-sulfur mixtures has been studied. Mixtures containing 1-30% of sulfur can decompose well below the m.p. of sulfur, and addition of sulfur dioxide, the suspected chemical trigger, causes immediate onset of the reaction [2], Autoignition of stoichiometric mixtures can be as low as 115°C, with frictional sensitivity at 5N, the lowest load the test apparatus permitted. Both were dependent upon the history of the sulphur used [3],... 

MCA Case History No. 282 Erroneous addition of cone, sulfuric acid to sodium chlorate instead of sodium chloride caused an explosion owing to formation of chlorine dioxide [1]. Accidental contact of 93% acid on clothing previously splashed with sodium chlorate caused immediate ignition [2],... 

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